{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy.
{Author}: Ruzzi F;Semprini MS;Scalambra L;Palladini A;Angelicola S;Cappello C;Pittino OM;Nanni P;Lollini PL;
{Journal}: Int J Mol Sci
{Volume}: 24
{Issue}: 16
{Year}: 2023 Aug 19
{Factor}: 6.208
{DOI}: 10.3390/ijms241612963
{Abstract}: Cancer vaccines are increasingly being studied as a possible strategy to prevent and treat cancers. While several prophylactic vaccines for virus-caused cancers are approved and efficiently used worldwide, the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines needs to be further implemented. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled protein structures that mimic native viruses or bacteriophages but lack the replicative material. VLP platforms are designed to display single or multiple antigens with a high-density pattern, which can trigger both cellular and humoral responses. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of preventive VLP-based vaccines currently approved worldwide against HBV and HPV infections or under evaluation to prevent virus-caused cancers. Furthermore, preclinical and early clinical data on prophylactic and therapeutic VLP-based cancer vaccines were summarized with a focus on HER-2-positive breast cancer.