{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Nature of the Interaction of Alpha-D-Mannose and Escherichia coli Bacteria, and Implications for its Regulatory Classification. A Delphi Panel European Consensus Based on Chemistry and Legal Evidence.
{Author}: Scaglione F;Minghetti P;Ambrosio F;Ernst B;Ficarra V;Gobbi M;Naber K;Schellekens H;
{Journal}: Ther Innov Regul Sci
{Volume}: 57
{Issue}: 6
{Year}: 2023 11 14
{Factor}: 1.337
{DOI}: 10.1007/s43441-023-00548-8
{Abstract}: The nature of alpha-D-mannose-natural aldohexose sugar, C-2 glucose epimer, whose intended use is for preventing urinary tract infections-in the interaction with E. coli is addressed in order to drive the issue of its regulatory classification as a medicinal product or medical device. PRISMA systematic review approach was applied; Delphi Panel method was used to target consensus on statements retrieved from evidence. Based on regulatory definitions and research evidence, the mechanism of D-mannose does not involve a metabolic or immunological action while there is uncertainty regarding the pharmacological action. Specific interaction between the product and the bacteria within the body occurs, but its nature is inert: it does not induce a direct response activating or inhibiting body processes. Moreover, the action of D-mannose takes place, even if inside the bladder, outside the epithelium on bacteria that have not yet invaded the urothelial tissue. Therefore, its mechanism of action is not directed to host structures but to structures (bacteria) external to the host's tissues. On the basis of current regulation, the uncertainty as regard a pharmacological action of alpha-D-mannose makes possible its medical device classification: new regulations and legal judgments can add further considerations. From a pharmacological perspective, research is driven versus synthetic mannosides: no further considerations are expected on alpha-D-mannose.