{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Leopard predation on wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys.
{Author}: Yang B;Anderson JR;Gou NN;Luo J;Hong B;Fu WW;Chen YF;Wang WF;Cao BJ;Chen SY;Wang KF;Li BG;
{Journal}: Primates
{Volume}: 64
{Issue}: 6
{Year}: 2023 Nov 9
{Factor}: 1.781
{DOI}: 10.1007/s10329-023-01084-7
{Abstract}: Predation is widely recognized as a powerful selective pressure on primate behavior and ecology, although knowledge of predator-prey relationships remains limited partly due to the rarity of directly observed attacks on primates. Here, we describe four confirmed or suspected instances of leopard (Panthera pardus) predation on free-ranging Sichuan (golden) snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a highly endangered colobine species endemic to China. We recorded predation events and the reactions of monkey group members. We suggest that the evolution of a multilevel society may be an adaptive response by Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys to the risk from leopards as well as other potential predators, one that balances the pressures of predation and intra-species competition and conflict.