{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Toll-like Receptors as Pro-Thrombotic Drivers in Viral Infections: A Narrative Review.
{Author}: Panzer B;Kopp CW;Neumayer C;Koppensteiner R;Jozkowicz A;Poledniczek M;Gremmel T;Jilma B;Wadowski PP;
{Journal}: Cells
{Volume}: 12
{Issue}: 14
{Year}: 2023 07 16
{Factor}: 7.666
{DOI}: 10.3390/cells12141865
{Abstract}: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.