{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Protoporphyrin IX-induced phototoxicity: Mechanisms and therapeutics.
{Author}: Hussain Z;Qi Q;Zhu J;Anderson KE;Ma X;
{Journal}: Pharmacol Ther
{Volume}: 248
{Issue}: 0
{Year}: 2023 08 29
{Factor}: 13.4
{DOI}: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108487
{Abstract}: Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an intermediate in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Abnormal accumulation of PPIX due to certain pathological conditions such as erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria causes painful phototoxic reactions of the skin, which can significantly impact daily life. Endothelial cells in the skin have been proposed as the primary target for PPIX-induced phototoxicity through light-triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. Current approaches for the management of PPIX-induced phototoxicity include opaque clothing, sunscreens, phototherapy, blood therapy, antioxidants, bone marrow transplantation, and drugs that increase skin pigmentation. In this review, we discuss the present understanding of PPIX-induced phototoxicity including PPIX production and disposition, conditions that lead to PPIX accumulation, symptoms and individual differences, mechanisms, and therapeutics.