{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Efficient and Controllable Synthesis of 1-Aminoanthraquinone via High-Temperature Ammonolysis Using Continuous-Flow Method.
{Author}: Zhou F;Cai L;Ye W;Zhu K;Li J;Li Y;Xu W;Wang P;Duanmu C;
{Journal}: Molecules
{Volume}: 28
{Issue}: 11
{Year}: 2023 May 24
{Factor}: 4.927
{DOI}: 10.3390/molecules28114314
{Abstract}: Anthraquinone dyes are the second most important type of dyes after azo dyes. In particular, 1-aminoanthraquinone has been extensively utilized in the preparation of diverse anthraquinone dyes. This study employed a continuous-flow method to synthesize 1-aminoanthraquinone safely and efficiently through the ammonolysis of 1-nitroanthraquinone at high temperatures. Various conditions (reaction temperature, residence time, molar ratio of ammonia to 1-nitroanthraquinone (M-ratio), and water content) were investigated to explore the details of the ammonolysis reaction behavior. Operation conditions for the continuous-flow ammonolysis were optimized using Box-Behnken design in the response surface methodology, and ~88% yield of 1-aminoanthraquinone could be achieved with an M-ratio of 4.5 at 213 °C and 4.3 min. The developed process's reliability was evaluated by performing a 4 h process stability test. The kinetic behavior for the preparation of 1-aminoanthraquinone was investigated under continuous-flow mode to guide the reactor design and to gain a deeper understanding of the ammonolysis process.