{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Carroll's Three-Stratum (3S) Cognitive Ability Theory at 30 Years: Impact, 3S-CHC Theory Clarification, Structural Replication, and Cognitive-Achievement Psychometric Network Analysis Extension.
{Author}: McGrew KS;
{Journal}: J Intell
{Volume}: 11
{Issue}: 2
{Year}: Feb 2023 6
{Factor}: 3.176
{DOI}: 10.3390/jintelligence11020032
{Abstract}: Carroll's treatise on the structure of human cognitive abilities is a milestone in psychometric intelligence research. Thirty years later, Carroll's work continues to influence research on intelligence theories and the development and interpretation of intelligence tests. A historical review of the relations between the 3S and CHC theories necessitates the recommendation that the theories of Cattell, Horn, and Carroll be reframed as a family of obliquely correlated CHC theories-not a single CHC theory. Next, a previously unpublished Carroll exploratory factor analysis of 46 cognitive and achievement tests is presented. A complimentary bifactor analysis is presented that reinforces Carroll's conclusion that his 3S model more accurately represents the structure of human intelligence than two prominent alternative models. Finally, a Carroll-recommended higher-stratum psychometric network analysis (PNA) of CHC cognitive, reading, and math variables is presented. The PNA results demonstrate how PNA can complement factor analysis and serve as a framework for identifying and empirically evaluating cognitive-achievement causal relations and mechanisms (e.g., developmental cascade and investment theories), with an eye toward improved cognitive-achievement intervention research. It is believed that Carroll, given his long-standing interest in school learning, would welcome the integration of theory-driven factor and PNA research.