{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Antiphospholipid antibodies and vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 infection with and without venous or arterial thrombosis: A pilot case-control study.
{Author}: Shah R;Mohammed YN;Koehler TJ;Kaur J;Toufeili M;Pulipati P;Alqaysi A;Khan A;Khalid M;Lee Y;Dhillon P;Dan AT;Kumar N;Bowen M;Sule AA;Krishnamoorthy G;Shah R;Mohammed YN;Koehler TJ;Kaur J;Toufeili M;Pulipati P;Alqaysi A;Khan A;Khalid M;Lee Y;Dhillon P;Dan AT;Kumar N;Bowen M;Sule AA;Krishnamoorthy G;
{Journal}: PLoS One
{Volume}: 17
{Issue}: 7
{Year}: 2022
{Factor}: 3.752
{DOI}: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269466
{Abstract}: <B>BACKGROUND: </B>Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with thromboembolism. Antiphospholipid antibody (APLa) formation is one of the mechanisms. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.<BR><B>OBJECTIVE: </B>Measure APLa and vitamin D in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without thrombosis to evaluate if thromboembolism is associated with concomitant APLa and vitamin D deficiency.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>Case-control study. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a thromboembolic event (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, Cases n = 20). Controls (n = 20): Age, sex-matched without thromboembolic events. Patients with autoimmune disorders, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, thrombophilia, anticoagulation therapy, prior thromboembolism, chronic kidney disease 3b, 4, end-stage renal disease, and malignancy were excluded. Given the limited current literature on the role of concomitant antiphospholipid antibodies and vitamin D deficiency in causing venous and/or arterial thrombosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we enrolled 20 patients in each arm. Anti-cardiolipin IgG/IgM, beta-2 glycoprotein-1 IgG/IgM, lupus anticoagulant and vitamin D levels were measured in both groups.<BR><B>RESULTS: </B>Cases were 5.7 times more likely to be vitamin D deficient (OR:5.7, 95% CI:1.3-25.6) and 7.4 times more likely to have any one APLa (OR:7.4, 95% CI: 1.6-49.5) while accounting for the effects of sex. Patients with both APLa and vitamin D deficiency had significantly more thrombosis compared to patients who were antibody positive without vitamin D deficiency (100% vs 47.4%; p = 0.01).<BR><B>CONCLUSIONS: </B>Thrombosis in COVID-19 was associated with concomitant APLa and vitamin D deficiency. Future studies in COVID-19 should assess the role of vitamin D in reducing thrombosis.