{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: The Two β-Arrestins Regulate Distinct Metabolic Processes: Studies with Novel Mutant Mouse Models.
{Author}: Wess J;
{Journal}: Int J Mol Sci
{Volume}: 23
{Issue}: 1
{Year}: Jan 2022 2
{Factor}: 6.208
{DOI}: 10.3390/ijms23010495
{Abstract}: The two β-arrestins (β-arrestin-1 and -2; alternative names: arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) are well known for their ability to inhibit signaling via G protein-coupled receptors. However, β-arrestins can also act as signaling molecules in their own right. Although the two proteins share a high degree of sequence and structural homology, early studies with cultured cells indicated that β-arrestin-1 and -2 are not functionally redundant. Recently, the in vivo metabolic roles of the two β-arrestins have been studied using mutant mice selectively lacking either β-arrestin-1 or -2 in cell types that are of particular relevance for regulating glucose and energy homeostasis. These studies demonstrated that the β-arrestin-1 and -2 mutant mice displayed distinct metabolic phenotypes in vivo, providing further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of these two highly versatile signaling proteins.