%0 Journal Article
%T Fully automated classification of pulmonary nodules in positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging using a two-stage multimodal learning approach.
%A Li T
%A Mao J
%A Yu J
%A Zhao Z
%A Chen M
%A Yao Z
%A Fang L
%A Hu B
%J Quant Imaging Med Surg
%V 14
%N 8
%D 2024 Aug 1
%M 39144014
%F 4.63
%R 10.21037/qims-24-234
%X <B>UNASSIGNED: </B>Lung cancer is a malignant tumor, for which pulmonary nodules are considered to be significant indicators. Early recognition and timely treatment of pulmonary nodules can contribute to improving the survival rate of patients with cancer. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is a noninvasive, fusion imaging technique that can obtain both functional and structural information of lung regions. However, studies of pulmonary nodules based on computer-aided diagnosis have primarily focused on the nodule level due to a reliance on the annotation of nodules, which is superficial and unable to contribute to the actual clinical diagnosis. The aim of this study was thus to develop a fully automated classification framework for a more comprehensive assessment of pulmonary nodules in PET/CT imaging data.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>We developed a two-stage multimodal learning framework for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in PET/CT imaging. In this framework, Stage I focuses on pulmonary parenchyma segmentation using a pretrained U-Net and PET/CT registration. Stage II aims to extract, integrate, and recognize image-level and feature-level features by employing the three-dimensional (3D) Inception-residual net (ResNet) convolutional block attention module architecture and a dense-voting fusion mechanism.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>In the experiments, the proposed model's performance was comprehensively validated using a set of real clinical data, achieving mean scores of 89.98%, 89.21%, 84.75%, 93.38%, 86.83%, and 0.9227 for accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, F1 score, and area under curve values, respectively.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>This paper presents a two-stage multimodal learning approach for the automatic diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. The findings reveal that the main reason for limiting model performance is the nonsolitary property of nodules in pulmonary nodule diagnosis, providing direction for future research.