%0 Journal Article
%T Environmental productivity growth, regulation and types of pollutants: Evidence from European firms.
%A Nikos R
%A Kounetas EK
%A Konstantinos T
%A Salvatore C
%J J Environ Manage
%V 368
%N 0
%D 2024 Sep 9
%M 39126849
%F 8.91
%R 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122078
%X European manufacturing firms have to cope with the new regulations that advocate a greener and more sustainable future with less emissions and at the same time enhance or at least maintain their productivity levels. A unique dataset is constructed by combining information on different firms' pollutants with their financial information during the 2011-2017 period. A non-radial directional distance function analysis is adopted with desirable and undesirable outputs to estimate environmental productivity growth and its components, which addresses the problem of heterogeneity. A regulatory impact indicator that provides information about the loss of outputs resulting from new policies is also computed. Finally, the impact of environmental regulations on productivity growth is explored using a panel vector autoregressive method. Our findings showcase different average values of productivity for each pollutant group. Moreover, results indicate that increasing the index of regulations by 1%, increases environmental productivity by 0.24% and 0.44% for heavy metals and greenhouse gases groups, respectively. Finally, results support the "weak" Porter Hypothesis, which attests that welldesigned environmental regulations can exert a positive effect on environmental innovation.