%0 Journal Article
%T Recruitment, retention and reporting of variables related to ethnic diversity in randomised controlled trials: an umbrella review.
%A Owusu-Addo E
%A Bennor DM
%A Orkin AM
%A Chan AW
%A Welch VA
%A Treweek S
%A Green H
%A Feldman P
%A Ghersi D
%A Brijnath B
%A  
%J BMJ Open
%V 14
%N 8
%D 2024 Aug 9
%M 39122387
%F 3.006
%R 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084889
%X <B>OBJECTIVE: </B>This umbrella review synthesises evidence on the methods used to recruit and retain ethnically diverse participants and report and analyse variables related to ethnic diversity in randomised controlled trials.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>Umbrella review.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane and Campbell Libraries for review papers published between 1 January 2010 and 13 May 2024.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>English language systematic reviews focusing on inclusion and reporting of ethnicity variables. Methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool.<BR><B>RESULTS: </B>Sixty-two systematic reviews were included. Findings point to limited representation and reporting of ethnic diversity in trials. Recruitment strategies commonly reported by the reviews were community engagement, advertisement, face-to-face recruitment, cultural targeting, clinical referral, community presentation, use of technology, incentives and research partnership with communities. Retention strategies highlighted by the reviews included frequent follow-ups on participants to check how they are doing in the study, provision of incentives, use of tailored approaches and culturally appropriate interventions. The findings point to a limited focus on the analysis of variables relevant to ethnic diversity in trials even when they are reported in trials.<BR><B>CONCLUSIONS: </B>Significant improvements are required in enhancing the recruitment and retention of ethnically diverse participants in trials as well as analysis and reporting of variables relating to diversity in clinical trials.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>CRD42022325241.