%0 Journal Article
%T Effect of a novel copper chloride gel on endometrial growth and function in healthy volunteers.
%A Tremellen K
%A Alfer J
%A Cotán D
%A Pérez-Sánchez M
%A Harvey AJ
%A Gardner DK
%J Reprod Biomed Online
%V 49
%N 4
%D 2024 May 9
%M 39067212
%F 4.567
%R 10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104107
%X OBJECTIVE: Does the application of a micro-dose of copper chloride gel increase endometrial production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) without compromising endometrial function or producing embryo toxicity?
METHODS: An estimate of optimal dose was made based on cell culture studies. Ten healthy participants received an initial uterine application of placebo gel, followed by copper chloride gel (37.5 μM, 75 μM, or 150 μM dose) in a later hormone replacement cycle. Endometrial biopsies (day 5.5 luteal) and pelvic ultrasound were carried out during each cycle to evaluate endometrial function and growth. Uterine fluid was assessed for residual copper levels on the day of biopsy, and copper chloride gel underwent mouse embryos assay assessment for potential embryo toxicity.
RESULTS: The copper gel significantly increased endometrial VEGF expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction), and also increasing endometrial thickness by an average of 2.2 mm compared with matched control cycles. The copper gel did not adversely affect endometrial morphology or maturation (histological dating and molecular receptivity testing), and mouse embryos assay studies showed no evidence of embryo toxicity. Furthermore, uterine cavity flush samples mostly lacked copper, with only negligible amounts present in one sample.
CONCLUSIONS: Applying copper chloride gel to the uterine cavity upregulated endometrial VEGF and significantly increased endometrial thickness and volume. No adverse effects on the endometrium or embryos were observed. Copper chloride gels show promise for treating suboptimal endometrial thickness if the results of this study are confirmed by larger randomized controlled trials.