%0 Journal Article
%T Unjustified use of amber necklaces for teething symptoms alleviation: Succinic acid release underperforms compared with natural skin bacteria production.
%A de Azevedo MMF
%A de Araújo CS
%A Fernandes-Freitas LB
%A Soviero VM
%A Valente AP
%A Kelly da Silva Fidalgo T
%J Int J Paediatr Dent
%V 0
%N 0
%D 2024 Jul 19
%M 39031911
%F 3.264
%R 10.1111/ipd.13240
%X <B>BACKGROUND: </B>There is limited evidence of succinic acid release from amber necklace that justifies its biological plausibility.<BR><B>OBJECTIVE: </B>This study aimed to evaluate the release of succinic acid from Baltic amber beads in the presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>The Baltic amber beads from the necklace were stratified according to their weight (average 0.05 g ± 0.067). Subsequently, the beads (n = 8) were submerged in 0.9% buffered saline (Control) or brain-heart infusion culture medium in the presence of a commercial strain of S. epidermidis, a resident skin bacterium incubated at 37°C for 24 h or 7 days. The samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants were analyzed by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Multivariate analyses were adopted using the sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis method (p < .05).<BR><B>RESULTS: </B>The group incubated with saline solution showed small release of succinic acid only after 7 days. In the groups with S. epidermidis, the release of succinic acid was observed in the both presence and absence of amber beads, indicating that succinic acid is a product released by bacteria.<BR><B>CONCLUSIONS: </B>It was found that amber beads do not exhibit the ability to release expressive succinic acid, especially in a short period of time, which does not justify their use in infants. The most production of succinic acid is tributed to S. epidermidis.