%0 Journal Article
%T Mitochondrial Parkinsonism: A Practical Guide to Genes and Clinical Diagnosis.
%A Lopriore P
%A Palermo G
%A Meli A
%A Bellini G
%A Benevento E
%A Montano V
%A Siciliano G
%A Mancuso M
%A Ceravolo R
%J Mov Disord Clin Pract
%V 0
%N 0
%D 2024 Jun 28
%M 38943319
%F 4.514
%R 10.1002/mdc3.14148
%X <B>BACKGROUND: </B>Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are the most common inborn errors of energy metabolism, with a combined prevalence of 1 in 4300. They can result from mutations in either nuclear DNA (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These disorders are multisystemic and mainly affect high energy-demanding tissues, such as muscle and the central nervous system (CNS). Among many clinical features of CNS involvement, parkinsonism is one of the most common movement disorders in PMDs.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>This review provides a pragmatic educational overview of the most recent advances in the field of mitochondrial parkinsonism, from pathophysiology and genetic etiologies to phenotype and diagnosis.<BR><B>RESULTS: </B>mtDNA maintenance and mitochondrial dynamics alterations represent the principal mechanisms underlying mitochondrial parkinsonism. It can be present in isolation, alongside other movement disorders or, more commonly, as part of a multisystemic phenotype. Mutations in several nuclear-encoded genes (ie, POLG, TWNK, SPG7, and OPA1) and, more rarely, mtDNA mutations, are responsible for mitochondrial parkinsonism. Progressive external opthalmoplegia and optic atrophy may guide genetic etiology identification.<BR><B>CONCLUSIONS: </B>A comprehensive deep-phenotyping approach is needed to reach a diagnosis of mitochondrial parkinsonism, which lacks distinctive clinical features and exemplifies the intricate genotype-phenotype interplay of PMDs.