%0 Journal Article
%T An Adjuvanted Vaccine-Induced Pathogenesis Following Influenza Virus Infection.
%A Hsu SC
%A Lin KH
%A Tseng YC
%A Cheng YY
%A Ma HH
%A Chen YC
%A Jan JT
%A Wu CY
%A Ma C
%J Vaccines (Basel)
%V 12
%N 6
%D 2024 May 23
%M 38932298
%F 4.961
%R 10.3390/vaccines12060569
%X An incomplete Freund's adjuvant elicited an overt pathogenesis in vaccinated mice following the intranasal challenge of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus despite the induction of a higher specific antibody titer than other adjuvanted formulations. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvants have not induced any pathogenic signs in a variety of formulations with glycolipids. A glycolipid, α-galactosyl ceramide, improved a stimulatory effect of distinct adjuvanted formulations on an anti-influenza A antibody response. In contrast to α-galactosyl ceramide, its synthetic analogue C34 was antagonistic toward a stimulatory effect of an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant on a specific antibody response. The aluminum hydroxide adjuvant alone could confer complete vaccine-induced protection against mortality as well as morbidity caused by a lethal challenge of the same strain of an influenza A virus. The research results indicated that adjuvants could reshape immune responses either to improve vaccine-induced immunity or to provoke an unexpected pathogenic consequence. On the basis of these observations, this research connotes the prominence to develop a precision adjuvant for innocuous vaccination aimed at generating a protective immunity without aberrant responses.