%0 Journal Article
%T A universal multiple instance learning framework for whole slide image analysis.
%A Zhang X
%A Liu C
%A Zhu H
%A Wang T
%A Du Z
%A Ding W
%J Comput Biol Med
%V 178
%N 0
%D 2024 Aug 8
%M 38889627
%F 6.698
%R 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108714
%X <B>BACKGROUND: </B>The emergence of digital whole slide image (WSI) has driven the development of computational pathology. However, obtaining patch-level annotations is challenging and time-consuming due to the high resolution of WSI, which limits the applicability of fully supervised methods. We aim to address the challenges related to patch-level annotations.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>We propose a universal framework for weakly supervised WSI analysis based on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). To achieve effective aggregation of instance features, we design a feature aggregation module from multiple dimensions by considering feature distribution, instances correlation and instance-level evaluation. First, we implement instance-level standardization layer and deep projection unit to improve the separation of instances in the feature space. Then, a self-attention mechanism is employed to explore dependencies between instances. Additionally, an instance-level pseudo-label evaluation method is introduced to enhance the available information during the weak supervision process. Finally, a bag-level classifier is used to obtain preliminary WSI classification results. To achieve even more accurate WSI label predictions, we have designed a key instance selection module that strengthens the learning of local features for instances. Combining the results from both modules leads to an improvement in WSI prediction accuracy.<BR><B>RESULTS: </B>Experiments conducted on Camelyon16, TCGA-NSCLC, SICAPv2, PANDA and classical MIL benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed method achieves a competitive performance compared to some recent methods, with maximum improvement of 14.6 % in terms of classification accuracy.<BR><B>CONCLUSIONS: </B>Our method can improve the classification accuracy of whole slide images in a weakly supervised way, and more accurately detect lesion areas.