%0 Journal Article
%T A viral E3 ubiquitin ligase produced by herpes simplex virus 1 inhibits the NLRP1 inflammasome.
%A Parameswaran P
%A Payne L
%A Powers J
%A Rashighi M
%A Orzalli MH
%J J Exp Med
%V 221
%N 8
%D 2024 Aug 5
%M 38861480
%F 17.579
%R 10.1084/jem.20231518
%X Guard proteins initiate defense mechanisms upon sensing pathogen-encoded virulence factors. Successful viral pathogens likely inhibit guard protein activity, but these interactions have been largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) stimulates and inhibits an antiviral pathway initiated by NLRP1, a guard protein that induces inflammasome formation and pyroptotic cell death when activated. Notably, HSV-1 infection of human keratinocytes promotes posttranslational modifications to NLRP1, consistent with MAPK-dependent NLRP1 activation, but does not result in downstream inflammasome formation. We identify infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) as the critical HSV-1 protein that is necessary and sufficient for inhibition of the NLRP1 pathway. Mechanistically, ICP0's cytoplasmic localization and function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase prevents proteasomal degradation of the auto-inhibitory NT-NLRP1 fragment, thereby preventing inflammasome formation. Further, we demonstrate that inhibiting this inflammasome is important for promoting HSV-1 replication. Thus, we have established a mechanism by which HSV-1 overcomes a guard-mediated antiviral defense strategy in humans.