%0 Journal Article
%T Thymol's modulation of cellular macromolecules, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and NF-kB/caspase-3 signaling in the liver of imidacloprid-exposed rats.
%A Abdelgawad FE
%A Abd El-Rahman GI
%A Behairy A
%A Abd-Elhakim YM
%A Saber TM
%A Metwally MMM
%A El-Fatah SSA
%A Samaha MM
%A Saber T
%A Aglan MA
%J Environ Toxicol Pharmacol
%V 109
%N 0
%D 2024 Jun 3
%M 38838874
%F 5.785
%R 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104492
%X We evaluated whether thymol (THY) (30 mg/kg b.wt) could relieve the adverse effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMD) (22.5 mg/kg b.wt) on the liver in a 56-day oral experiment and the probable underlying mechanisms. THY significantly suppressed the IMD-associated increase in hepatic enzyme leakage. Besides, the IMD-induced dyslipidemia was considerably corrected by THY. Moreover, THY significantly repressed the IMD-induced hepatic oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and inflammation. Of note, the Feulgen, mercuric bromophenol blue, and PAS-stained hepatic tissue sections analysis declared that treatment with THY largely rescued the IMD-induced depletion of the DNA, total proteins, and polysaccharides. Moreover, THY treatment did not affect the NF-kB p65 immunoexpression but markedly downregulated the Caspase-3 in the hepatocytes of the THY+IMD-treated group than the IMD-treated group. Conclusively, THY could efficiently protect against IMD-induced hepatotoxicity, probably through protecting cellular macromolecules and antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.