%0 Journal Article
%T Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the utilisation and quality of antibiotic use in the Scottish primary care setting: a population-based segmented interrupted time-series analysis.
%A Al Balushi H
%A Kurdi A
%A Almutairi N
%A Baker KI
%A Amen KM
%A Karwi H
%A Seaton A
%A Godman B
%J Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther
%V 0
%N 0
%D 2024 Jun 14
%M 38836493
%F 5.854
%R 10.1080/14787210.2024.2363485
%X <B>UNASSIGNED: </B>Inappropriate use of antibiotics is expected to increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there are limited data on COVID-19's long-term impact. We assessed the impact of COVID-19 on the quantity and quality of antibiotic use in Scotland.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>A segmented interrupted time series was applied to monthly dispensed antibiotics using prescription cost analysis data from March/2019 to March/2023. Antibiotic use was quantified using the number of items dispensed/1000 inhabitants (TIDs) and defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants/day (DIDs). The quality of antibiotic use was assessed using key quality indicators including the WHO AWaRe classification, proportion of broad-spectrum and "4C"-antibiotics.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>Overall, for all antibiotics, there was a non-significant increase in TIDs and DIDs before the first lockdown (March/2020) (β1), but a decline in the level immediately after the first (β2) and second lockdowns (β4) (November/2020), albeit non-significant. However, a significant increase in the time trend after the second lockdown (β5) for all antibiotic classes was observed. COVID-19 had no negative impact on AWaRe utilisation, with the proportion of all antibiotics from the Access group increasing from 76% in March/2019 to 90% in March/2023. The proportion of "4C" antibiotic reduced significantly after the second lockdown.<BR><B>UNASSIGNED: </B>Neither the utilisation nor the quality of total antibiotic use appeared to have been significantly affected by COVID-19.