%0 Journal Article
%T Stress biomarker changes following a series of repeated static and dynamic apneas in non-divers.
%A Elia A
%A Barlow MJ
%A Lees MJ
%A Petri G
%A Keramidas ME
%J Respir Physiol Neurobiol
%V 323
%N 0
%D 2024 May 1
%M 38309488
%F 2.821
%R 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104228
%X OBJECTIVE: This study examined the magnitude of physiological strain imposed by repeated maximal static and dynamic apneas through assessing a panel of stress-related biomarkers.
METHODS: Eleven healthy men performed on three separate occasions (≥72-h apart): a series of five repeated maximal (i) static (STA) or (ii) dynamic apneas (DYN) or (iii) a static eupneic protocol (CTL). Venous blood samples were drawn at 30, 90, and 180-min after each protocol to determine ischaemia modified albumin (IMA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myoglobin, and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTnT) concentrations.
RESULTS: IMA was elevated after the apnoeic interventions (STA,+86%;DYN,+332%,p ≤ 0.047) but not CTL (p = 0.385). Myoglobin was higher than baseline (23.6 ± 3.9 ng/mL) 30-min post DYN (+70%,38.8 ± 13.3 ng/mL,p = 0.030). A greater myoglobin release was recorded in DYN compared with STA and CTL (p ≤ 0.035). No changes were observed in NSE (p = 0.207) or hscTnT (p = 0.274).
CONCLUSIONS: Five repeated maximal DYN led to a greater muscle injury compared with STA but neither elicited myocardial injury or neuronal-parenchymal damage.