%0 Journal Article
%T Prediction of visceral pleural invasion of clinical stage I lung adenocarcinoma using thoracoscopic images and deep learning.
%A Shimada Y
%A Ojima T
%A Takaoka Y
%A Sugano A
%A Someya Y
%A Hirabayashi K
%A Homma T
%A Kitamura N
%A Akemoto Y
%A Tanabe K
%A Sato F
%A Yoshimura N
%A Tsuchiya T
%J Surg Today
%V 54
%N 6
%D 2024 Jun 20
%M 37864054
%F 2.54
%R 10.1007/s00595-023-02756-z
%X <B>OBJECTIVE: </B>To develop deep learning models using thoracoscopic images to identify visceral pleural invasion (VPI) in patients with clinical stage I lung adenocarcinoma, and to verify if these models can be applied clinically.<BR><B>METHODS: </B>Two deep learning models, one based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and the other based on a vision transformer (ViT), were applied and trained via 463 images (VPI negative: 269 images, VPI positive: 194 images) captured from surgical videos of 81 patients. Model performances were validated via an independent test dataset containing 46 images (VPI negative: 28 images, VPI positive: 18 images) from 46 test patients.<BR><B>RESULTS: </B>The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the CNN-based and ViT-based models were 0.77 and 0.84 (p = 0.304), respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 73.91, 83.33, 67.86, 62.50, and 86.36% for the CNN-based model and 78.26, 77.78, 78.57, 70.00, and 84.62% for the ViT-based model, respectively. These models' diagnostic abilities were comparable to those of board-certified thoracic surgeons and tended to be superior to those of non-board-certified thoracic surgeons.<BR><B>CONCLUSIONS: </B>The deep learning model systems can be utilized in clinical applications via data expansion.