%0 Journal Article
%T Improving the Stability and Effectiveness of Immunotropic Squalene Nanoemulsion by Adding Turpentine Oil.
%A Krasnova OA
%A Minaychev VV
%A Akatov VS
%A Fadeev RS
%A Senotov AS
%A Kobyakova MI
%A Lomovskaya YV
%A Lomovskiy AI
%A Zvyagina AI
%A Krasnov KS
%A Shatalin YV
%A Penkov NV
%A Zhalimov VK
%A Molchanov MV
%A Palikova YA
%A Murashev AN
%A Maevsky EI
%A Fadeeva IS
%J Biomolecules
%V 13
%N 7
%D 2023 06 29
%M 37509089
%F 6.064
%R 10.3390/biom13071053
%X Turpentine oil, owing to the presence of 7-50 terpenes, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, and antitumor properties, which are important for medical emulsion preparation. The addition of turpentine oil to squalene emulsions can increase their effectiveness, thereby reducing the concentration of expensive and possibly deficient squalene, and increasing its stability and shelf life. In this study, squalene emulsions were obtained by adding various concentrations of turpentine oil via high-pressure homogenization, and the safety and effectiveness of the obtained emulsions were studied in vitro and in vivo. All emulsions showed high safety profiles, regardless of the concentration of turpentine oil used. However, these emulsions exhibited dose-dependent effects in terms of both efficiency and storage stability, and the squalene emulsion with 1.0% turpentine oil had the most pronounced adjuvant and cytokine-stimulating activity as well as the most pronounced stability indicators when stored at room temperature. Thus, it can be concluded that the squalene emulsion with 1% turpentine oil is a stable, monomodal, and reliably safe ultradispersed emulsion and may have pleiotropic effects with pronounced immunopotentiating properties.