%0 Journal Article
%T Model for halo-acetic acids formation in bulk water of water supply systems.
%A Premarathna SM
%A Kastl G
%A Fisher I
%A Sathasivan A
%J Sci Total Environ
%V 857
%N 0
%D Jan 2023 20
%M 36208766
%F 10.753
%R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159267
%X With increased understanding of the differences in toxicity between species of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and the possibility of more stringent regulations, the ability to predict individual HAA species formation is important. Nine different haloacetic acids are regulated and their total concentration is referred to as HAA9. A mathematical model to predict concentrations of HAA species was proposed and tested using independent data sets. The amount of HAA9 formed per unit amount of chlorine consumed (μg-HAA9/mg-consumed chlorine) remained constant throughout the reaction times in each sample. Similarly, the fraction of a given HAA species largely remained constant during most of the reaction time. Thus, each HAA species was assumed to have its own yield with respect to consumed chlorine in a given water sample. The parallel second-order (2R) model describing chlorine decay kinetics was then extended to predict HAA species formation kinetics. The combined chlorine and HAA species model closely predicts all tested HAA species and its sum with standard error ≤ 5 μg/L. Within the tested waters having Cl2/N mass ratio ≥ 10.7 (g-Cl2/g-N), ammonia did not impact the mass yield. The mass yield of each HAA species can be calculated from three measurements (e.g. at 0, 4 and 24 h) of HAA species and chlorine. Once the yield is known, HAA species concentrations could be predicted for up to 120 h with only chlorine measurements. The model extends the previous work of predicting the trihalomethane species formation kinetics to HAA species formation kinetics. Further research is needed to understand how the yield varies with source water quality, treatment and in distribution systems.