%0 Journal Article
%T Recent Progress in Visualization and Analysis of Fingerprint Level 3 Features.
%A Chen H
%A Ma R
%A Zhang M
%J ChemistryOpen
%V 11
%N 11
%D 11 2022
%M 35896949
%F 2.63
%R 10.1002/open.202200091
%X Fingerprints provide sufficient and reliable discriminative characteristics which have been considered one of the most robust evidence for individualization. The limitation of current minutiae-based fingerprint technology seems to be solved with the development of level 3 features since they can offer additional information for problematic fingerprint recognition and even donor profiling. So far, tremendous efforts have been devoted to detecting and analysing the third-level details. This review summarizes the advances in level 3 details with an emphasis on their reliability assessment, visualization methods based on physical interaction, residue-response, mass spectrometry and electrochemical techniques, as well as the potentiality for individualization, donor profiling and even other application scenarios. In the end, we also give a personal perspective on the future direction and the remaining challenges in the third-level-detail-related field. We believe that the new exciting progress is expected in the development of level 3 detail detection and analysis with continued interest and attention to this field.