%0 Journal Article
%T An Improved Tiered Head Pose Estimation Network with Self-Adjust Loss Function.
%A Zhu X
%A Yang Q
%A Zhao L
%A Dai Z
%A He Z
%A Rong W
%A Sun J
%A Liu G
%J Entropy (Basel)
%V 24
%N 7
%D Jul 2022 14
%M 35885197
%F 2.738
%R 10.3390/e24070974
%X As an important task in computer vision, head pose estimation has been widely applied in both academia and industry. However, there remains two challenges in the field of head pose estimation: (1) even given the same task (e.g., tiredness detection), the existing algorithms usually consider the estimation of the three angles (i.e., roll, yaw, and pitch) as separate facets, which disregard their interplay as well as differences and thus share the same parameters for all layers; and (2) the discontinuity in angle estimation definitely reduces the accuracy. To solve these two problems, a THESL-Net (tiered head pose estimation with self-adjust loss network) model is proposed in this study. Specifically, first, an idea of stepped estimation using distinct network layers is proposed, gaining a greater freedom during angle estimation. Furthermore, the reasons for the discontinuity in angle estimation are revealed, including not only labeling the dataset with quaternions or Euler angles, but also the loss function that simply adds the classification and regression losses. Subsequently, a self-adjustment constraint on the loss function is applied, making the angle estimation more consistent. Finally, to examine the influence of different angle ranges on the proposed model, experiments are conducted on three popular public benchmark datasets, BIWI, AFLW2000, and UPNA, demonstrating that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.