Abstract：
Arousal and motivation interact to profoundly influence behavior. For example, experience tells us that we have some capacity to control our arousal when appropriately motivated, such as staying awake while driving a motor vehicle. However, little is known about how arousal and motivation jointly influence decision computations, including if and how animals, such as rodents, adapt their arousal state to their needs. Here, we developed and show results from an auditory, feature-based, sustained-attention task with intermittently shifting task utility. We use pupil size to estimate arousal across a wide range of states and apply tailored signal-detection theoretic, hazard function, and accumulation-to-bound modeling approaches in a large cohort of mice. We find that pupil-linked arousal and task utility both have major impacts on multiple aspects of task performance. Although substantial arousal fluctuations persist across utility conditions, mice partially stabilize their arousal near an intermediate and optimal level when task utility is high. Behavioral analyses show that multiple elements of behavior improve during high task utility and that arousal influences some, but not all, of them. Specifically, arousal influences the likelihood and timescale of sensory evidence accumulation but not the quantity of evidence accumulated per time step while attending. In sum, the results establish specific decision-computational signatures of arousal, motivation, and their interaction in attention. So doing, we provide an experimental and analysis framework for studying arousal self-regulation in neurotypical brains and in diseases such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
摘要：
唤醒和动机相互作用，深刻地影响行为。例如,经验告诉我们，当我们有适当的动机时，我们有一定的能力来控制我们的唤醒，例如在驾驶机动车时保持清醒。然而,对唤醒和动机如何共同影响决策计算知之甚少，包括动物是否和如何，如啮齿动物，使他们的觉醒状态适应他们的需要。这里,我们开发并显示了听觉结果，基于特征的，具有间歇性转移任务效用的持续注意力任务。我们使用瞳孔大小来估计各种状态的唤醒，并应用量身定制的信号检测理论，危险函数，和大量小鼠中的累积至结合建模方法。我们发现，与瞳孔相关的唤醒和任务效用都对任务绩效的多个方面产生重大影响。尽管在公用事业条件下持续存在大量的唤醒波动，当任务效用较高时，小鼠的唤醒部分稳定在中等和最佳水平附近。行为分析表明，在高任务效用期间，行为的多个要素得到改善，唤醒会影响一些，但不是全部,他们的。具体来说,唤醒影响感觉证据积累的可能性和时间尺度，但不影响参加时每个时间步长积累的证据数量。总之,结果建立了唤醒的特定决策计算特征，动机，以及他们在注意力上的互动。这么做，我们提供了一个实验和分析框架，用于研究神经典型大脑和注意力缺陷/多动障碍等疾病中的唤醒自我调节。
