Abstract：
Introduction: Chlorine gas can be toxic when inhaled or absorbed at high concentrations through the skin. It can cause pulmonary edema, pulmonary inflammation, respiratory failure, and potentially death. Monitoring chlorine exposure helps in determining treatment regimens and may inform safeguards, such as personal protective equipment and ventilation systems. Therefore, verification of chlorine exposure is crucial to protecting human health. This has led to identification of multiple biomarkers of Cl2 exposure with associated innovations in methods of analysis to monitor these markers.
Materials and methods: In this review of the last 30 years of literature, biomarkers and associated methods of detection for the determination of chlorine exposure from biological samples are detailed and critically evaluated.
Results and discussion: From the 36 included studies, the most useful biomarkers for Cl2 exposure include tyrosine adducts, chlorohydrin, chloro-fatty-acids, chloro-fatty-aldehydes, and chloro-fatty-alcohols. The most common sample preparation methods for these markers are hydrolysis and extraction and the most common analysis techniques are chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection.
Conclusion: The findings of this review emphasize the need for continued research into biomarkers and stronger evaluation of proposed analytical methods, including validation, to allow more appropriate comparison, which will ultimately improve patient outcomes.
Materials and methods: In this review of the last 30 years of literature, biomarkers and associated methods of detection for the determination of chlorine exposure from biological samples are detailed and critically evaluated.
Results and discussion: From the 36 included studies, the most useful biomarkers for Cl2 exposure include tyrosine adducts, chlorohydrin, chloro-fatty-acids, chloro-fatty-aldehydes, and chloro-fatty-alcohols. The most common sample preparation methods for these markers are hydrolysis and extraction and the most common analysis techniques are chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection.
Conclusion: The findings of this review emphasize the need for continued research into biomarkers and stronger evaluation of proposed analytical methods, including validation, to allow more appropriate comparison, which will ultimately improve patient outcomes.
摘要：
氯气吸入或通过皮肤吸收时可能有毒。暴露于高浓度会导致呼吸问题，眼睛刺激,和皮肤烧伤。会引起肺水肿,肺部炎症，呼吸衰竭,和潜在的死亡。氯意外释放到环境中会损害水生生物和生态系统。监测氯暴露有助于实施适当的治疗和未来的保障措施，如个人防护设备和通风系统。因此,验证氯暴露对保护人类健康至关重要。已经提出了许多Cl2暴露的生物标志物，和创新的方法已用于分析这些标记。在这次审查中,将讨论过去30年提出的生物样品分析中通常用于测定氯暴露的样品制备方法和分析技术。最常见的样品制备方法(例如，提取和水解)和分析技术(例如，光谱学,分光光度法，和色谱法)进行了综述。此外,讨论了氯分析的主要分析挑战。严格评估了用于验证氯暴露的生物标志物以及用于监测氯暴露个体中这些生物标志物的方法。
