Abstract：
The Russian invasion of Ukraine led to a major humanitarian crisis resulting in many Ukrainians seeking refugee status in European countries. Unlike the positive attitudes towards Ukrainian refugees, Afghan refugees who were also required to leave their country following the Taliban\'s takeover of Afghanistan, received a negative reaction from the same European countries. Examining similar crises, a year apart, where people fled perilous situations in their countries, reveals contrasting reactions that emphasize the need to understand factors driving diverse public attitudes. Integrated Threat Theory (ITT), which posits that perceived threats can lead to prejudice and negative attitudes, may elucidate mechanisms behind opposing reactions towards Ukrainian and Afghan refugees. This study explores whether symbolic threats, intergroup anxiety, fear of terrorism, and political orientation are differentially related to attitudes towards Afghan and Ukrainian refugees in 250 European participants. Results demonstrate that participants hold more positive attitudes towards Ukrainian refugees compared to Afghan refugees. All the aforementioned factors predicted attitudes towards Afghan refugees, but only symbolic threats predicted attitudes towards Ukrainian refugees. Ethnicity and religiosity explain the relationship between symbolic threats and attitudes towards Afghan refugees. Western European participants show a stronger link between terrorism fear and negative views on Afghan refugees than Eastern Europeans, possibly due to higher terrorism rates in the West. Thus, attitudes towards refugees are intricate, but the study emphasizes the role of ITT, terrorism fear, politics, ethnicity, religiosity, and region. The findings could refine policies, stressing the need to address these factors for fostering inclusive, empathetic European societies.
摘要：
俄罗斯入侵乌克兰导致了一场重大的人道主义危机，导致许多乌克兰人在欧洲国家寻求难民身份。与对乌克兰难民的积极态度不同，在塔利班接管阿富汗后，阿富汗难民也被要求离开他们的国家，收到来自同一欧洲国家的负面反应。审视类似的危机，相隔一年,人们逃离他们国家的危险局势，揭示了对比的反应，强调需要了解驱动不同公众态度的因素。综合威胁理论(ITT)假设感知到的威胁会导致偏见和消极态度，可能阐明对乌克兰和阿富汗难民的反对反应背后的机制。这项研究探讨了象征性威胁，群间焦虑，对恐怖主义的恐惧,在250名欧洲参与者中，政治取向与对阿富汗和乌克兰难民的态度不同。结果表明，与阿富汗难民相比，参与者对乌克兰难民持更积极的态度。上述所有因素都预示着人们对阿富汗难民的态度，但只有象征性的威胁预示着对乌克兰难民的态度。种族和宗教信仰解释了象征性威胁与对阿富汗难民的态度之间的关系。西欧参与者显示，与东欧人相比，恐怖主义恐惧与对阿富汗难民的负面看法之间的联系更加紧密。可能是由于西方的恐怖主义比率更高。因此，对难民的态度错综复杂，但是这项研究强调了ITT的作用，恐怖主义恐惧，政治,种族,宗教信仰,和区域。这些发现可以完善政策，强调需要解决这些因素，以促进包容性，善解人意的欧洲社会。
