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Abstract：
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, triggered by allergen exposure and characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, itching, and rhinorrhea. This comprehensive review aims to unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning AR, exploring the pathogenesis from allergen recognition to chronic inflammation and tissue remodelling. Central to the disease are immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, involving key inflammatory mediators and cellular players such as mast cells, eosinophils, and T cells. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors also play significant roles in susceptibility and disease progression. Therapeutic strategies for AR are varied, ranging from symptomatic relief through antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids to more targeted approaches like allergen-specific immunotherapy. Emerging treatments focus on novel molecular pathways, with a growing emphasis on personalized medicine to optimize patient outcomes. Despite advancements, challenges remain in fully understanding the heterogeneity of AR and developing universally effective treatments. This review synthesizes current knowledge, highlighting critical insights into the molecular basis of AR and their implications for clinical practice. It underscores the need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to enhance therapeutic efficacy and calls for ongoing research to address unresolved questions and explore new frontiers in AR management. Through this comprehensive synthesis, the review aims to inform and inspire future research and clinical strategies, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals affected by AR.
摘要：
变应性鼻炎(AR)是一种常见的鼻黏膜炎症性疾病,由过敏原暴露引发，并以打喷嚏等症状为特征，鼻塞,瘙痒,还有鼻漏.这篇全面的综述旨在解开支撑AR的分子机制，探索从过敏原识别到慢性炎症和组织重塑的发病机制。该疾病的核心是免疫球蛋白E（IgE）介导的超敏反应，涉及关键的炎症介质和细胞参与者，如肥大细胞，嗜酸性粒细胞,和T细胞。遗传易感性和环境因素在易感性和疾病进展中也起着重要作用。AR的治疗策略多种多样，从通过抗组胺药和鼻用糖皮质激素缓解症状到更有针对性的方法，如过敏原特异性免疫疗法。新兴的治疗集中在新的分子途径，越来越重视个性化医疗以优化患者预后。尽管取得了进步，在充分理解AR的异质性和开发普遍有效的治疗方法方面仍然存在挑战。这篇综述综合了当前的知识，强调对AR的分子基础及其对临床实践的意义的关键见解。它强调了整合的必要性，多学科方法来提高治疗效果，并呼吁正在进行的研究，以解决尚未解决的问题，并探索AR管理的新领域。通过这种全面的综合，这篇综述旨在为未来的研究和临床策略提供信息和启发，最终改善受AR影响的个体的生活质量。
