Abstract：
The second paper in this two-part review series aims to outline the long-term complications of dental trauma in the adult patient in relation to discoloured, displaced or missing teeth. A brief overview of the cause of discolouration is outlined, followed by assessment and management options. These can include bleaching, veneers, or crown restorations to mask the discolouration. Displacement of teeth from the socket can occur due to luxation injuries. Management can include simple digital manipulation, surgical repositioning, or orthodontic extrusion based on the severity of extrusion and the time from injury. Teeth can be lost early or in the long-term following dental trauma and associated hard and soft tissues deficiencies may also ensue. Replacement options can include a removable partial prosthesis, resin-retained bridge or dental implants. Often, hard and soft tissue augmentation procedures may be required to address any defects and rebuild lost anatomical contours. A thorough assessment followed by the development of a sound management plan which takes patients\' general and local factors into account can ensure a predictable and successful treatment outcome. This would end in an aesthetically pleasing and a functionally stable result for the patient.
摘要：
这个由两部分组成的综述系列的第二篇论文旨在概述成年患者牙齿创伤与变色有关的长期并发症，牙齿移位或缺失。简要概述了变色的原因，其次是评估和管理选项。这些可以包括漂白，贴面,或冠修复以掩盖变色。由于脱位损伤，可能会发生牙齿从牙槽移位。管理可以包括简单的数字操作，手术重新定位，或基于挤压的严重程度和受伤时间的正畸挤压。牙齿创伤后，牙齿可能会早期或长期丢失，相关的硬和软组织缺陷也可能随之而来。替换选项可以包括可移除的部分假体，树脂保留桥或牙科植入物。通常,可能需要硬组织和软组织增强程序来解决任何缺陷并重建丢失的解剖轮廓。全面评估，然后制定合理的管理计划，将患者的一般和局部因素考虑在内，可以确保可预测和成功的治疗结果。这将以患者的美观和功能稳定的结果结束。
