Abstract：
Surface biofunctionalization is an essential stage in the preparation of any bioassay affecting its analytical performance. However, a complete characterization of the biofunctionalized surface, considering studies of coverage density, distribution and orientation of biomolecules, layer thickness, and target biorecognition efficiency, is not met most of the time. This review is a critical overview of the main techniques and strategies used for characterizing biofunctionalized surfaces and the process in between. Emphasis is given to scanning force microscopies as the most versatile and suitable tools to evaluate the quality of the biofunctionalized surfaces in real-time dynamic experiments, highlighting the helpful of atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, electrochemical atomic force microscopy and photo-induced force microscopy. Other techniques such as optical and electronic microscopies, quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, and electrochemical techniques, are also discussed regarding their advantages and disadvantages in addressing the whole characterization of the biomodified surface. Scarce reviews point out the importance of practicing an entire characterization of the biofunctionalized surfaces. This is the first review that embraces this topic discussing a wide variety of characterization tools applied in any bioanalysis platform developed to detect both clinical and environmental analytes. This survey provides information to the analysts on the applications, strengths, and weaknesses of the techniques discussed here to extract fruitful insights from them. The aim is to prompt and help the analysts to accomplish an entire assessment of the biofunctionalized surface, and profit from the information obtained to enhance the bioanalysis output.
摘要：
表面生物官能化是制备任何影响其分析性能的生物测定的必要阶段。然而,生物功能化表面的完整表征，考虑到覆盖密度的研究，生物分子的分布和取向，层厚度,和目标生物识别效率，大部分时间都没有见面。这篇综述是对用于表征生物功能化表面及其之间过程的主要技术和策略的重要概述。重点是扫描力显微镜作为在实时动态实验中评估生物功能化表面质量的最通用和合适的工具，强调原子力显微镜的帮助，开尔文探针力显微镜，电化学原子力显微镜和光致力显微镜。其他技术，如光学和电子显微镜，石英晶体微天平，X射线光电子能谱,接触角,和电化学技术，还讨论了它们在解决生物改性表面的整个表征方面的优缺点。稀缺的评论指出了对生物功能化表面进行整个表征的重要性。这是第一个涵盖这一主题的评论，讨论了在任何开发用于检测临床和环境分析物的生物分析平台中应用的各种表征工具。此调查向分析师提供有关应用程序的信息，优势,以及这里讨论的技术的弱点，以从中提取出富有成果的见解。目的是促进和帮助分析人员完成对生物功能化表面的整个评估，并从获得的信息中获利，以提高生物分析产出。
