Abstract：
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered the most common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as it holds 90 % of HNSCC cases that arise from multiple locations in the oral cavity. The last three decades witnessed little progress in the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC the aggressive tumor. However, in-depth knowledge about OSCC\'s pathogenesis, staging & grading, hallmarks, and causative factors is a prime requirement in advanced diagnosis and treatment for OSCC patients. Therefore present review was intended to comprehend the OSCCs\' prevalence, staging & grading, molecular pathogenesis including premalignant stages, various hallmarks, etiology, diagnostic methods, treatment (including FDA-approved drugs with the mechanism of action and side effects), and theranostic agents. The current review updates that for a better understanding of OSCC progress tumor-promoting inflammation, sustained proliferative signaling, and growth-suppressive signals/apoptosis capacity evasion are the three most important hallmarks to be considered. This review suggests that among all the etiology factors the consumption of tobacco is the major contributor to the high incidence rate of OSCC. In OSCC diagnosis biopsy is considered the gold standard, however, toluidine blue staining is the easiest and non-invasive method with high accuracy. Although there are various therapeutic agents available for cancer treatment, however, a few only are approved by the FDA specifically for OSCC treatment. The present review recommends that among all available OSCC treatments, the antibody-based CAR-NK is a promising therapeutic approach for future cancer treatment. Presently review also suggests that theranostics have boosted the advancement of cancer diagnosis and treatment, however, additional work is required to refine the role of theranostics in combination with different modalities in cancer treatment.
摘要：
口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）被认为是最常见的头颈部鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC），因为它拥有90％的HNSCC病例，这些病例来自口腔中的多个位置。在过去的三十年中，侵袭性肿瘤OSCC的诊断和治疗进展甚微。然而,深入了解OSCC的发病机制，分期和分级，标志,和致病因素是OSCC患者晚期诊断和治疗的首要要求。因此，本综述旨在理解OSCC的患病率，分期和分级，分子发病机制包括癌前阶段，各种标志，病因学,诊断方法,治疗（包括FDA批准的具有作用机制和副作用的药物），和治疗医生。当前的评论更新，为了更好地理解OSCC进展肿瘤促进炎症，持续增殖信号，生长抑制信号/凋亡能力逃避是需要考虑的三个最重要的标志。该综述表明，在所有病因因素中，烟草的消费是导致OSCC高发病率的主要原因。在OSCC诊断中，活检被认为是金标准，然而,甲苯胺蓝染色是最简单、无创、准确度高的方法。虽然有多种治疗剂可用于癌症治疗，然而,只有少数被FDA批准专门用于OSCC治疗。本综述建议在所有可用的OSCC治疗中，基于抗体的CAR-NK是未来癌症治疗的一种有前景的治疗方法.目前的审查还表明，治疗药物促进了癌症诊断和治疗的进步，然而,需要额外的工作来完善治疗与不同方式结合在癌症治疗中的作用。
