Abstract：
Trichoderma, a highly abundant soil fungus, may benefit plants, yet it remains understudied in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). In this study, sorghum plants were cultivated for five weeks in soil pots with or without the inoculation of T. afroharzianum T22. We found that plants inoculated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited significant increases in growth parameters and nutrient levels, demonstrating its beneficial role in sorghum. The split-root assay demonstrated that T. afroharzianum T22 is essential in both compartments of soil pots for promoting plant growth. This suggests that local signals from this fungus drive symbiotic benefits in sorghum. The RNA-seq analysis revealed the induction of genes responsible for mineral transport (such as nitrate and aquaporin transporters), auxin response, sugar assimilation (hexokinase), and disease resistance (thaumatin) in the roots of sorghum inoculated with T. afroharzianum T22. Microbial community analysis further unveiled the positive role of T. afroharzianum T22 in enriching Penicillium (ITS) and Streptomyces (16S) while reducing disease-causing Fusarium in the roots. The microbial consortium, consisting of enriched microbiomes from bacterial and fungal communities, showed disrupted morphological features in plants inoculated with T. afroharzianum T22 in the absence of S. griseus. However, this disruption was not observed in the absence of P. chrysogenum. These results suggest that S. griseus may act as a helper microbe in close association with T. afroharzianum T22 in the sorghum endosphere. This study provides the first comprehensive explanation of how T. afroharzianum T22 modulates host molecular determinants and endophytic helper microbes, thereby collectively promoting sorghum growth. These findings may encourage the formulation of a synthetic inoculum dominated by T. afroharzianum T22 to enhance growth and stress resilience in sorghum and other similar crops.
摘要：
木霉,一种非常丰富的土壤真菌，可能有益于植物，然而，它在高粱（高粱双色）中仍未得到充分研究。在这项研究中,在接种或不接种afroharzianumT22的情况下，将高粱植物在土壤盆中培养五周。我们发现接种有T.afroharzianumT22的植物表现出生长参数和营养水平的显着增加，展示其在高粱中的有益作用。分根试验表明，afroharzianumT22在土壤盆的两个隔室中都是必不可少的，以促进植物生长。这表明来自这种真菌的局部信号驱动高粱的共生益处。RNA-seq分析揭示了负责矿物质转运的基因（如硝酸盐和水通道蛋白转运蛋白）的诱导，生长素反应，糖同化（己糖激酶），和高粱根中的抗病性（thaumatin）接种了T.afroharzianumT22。微生物群落分析进一步揭示了afroharzianumT22在富集青霉（ITS）和链霉菌（16S），同时减少根部引起疾病的镰刀菌中的积极作用。微生物联盟，由来自细菌和真菌群落的富集微生物组成，在没有S.griseus的情况下，用T.afroharzianumT22接种的植物显示出破坏的形态特征。然而,在没有产黄假单胞菌的情况下没有观察到这种破坏。这些结果表明，格里沙菌可能是与高粱内圈中的afroharzianumT22密切相关的辅助微生物。本研究首次全面解释了afroharzianumT22如何调节宿主分子决定子和内生辅助微生物，从而集体促进高粱生长。这些发现可能会鼓励以T.afroharzianumT22为主的合成接种物的配方，以增强高粱和其他类似作物的生长和抗逆性。
