Abstract：
Aim: To determine the efficacy of manuka honey against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) clinical strains of Salmonella Typhi. Materials & methods: Clinical isolates were processed using the Bactec blood culture system, identification and antibiogram by Vitek 2 and antibiotic resistance genes through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microbroth dilution assays evaluated the antibacterial activity of manuka honey. Results: MDR and XDR-S. Typhi was susceptible to azithromycin. These strains carried the H58, gyrA, gyrB, blaCTX-M-15 , and blaTEM-1 genes. At 100% honey, the zone of inhibition for MDR (15-23 mm) and XDR (15-24 mm) strains. 18/50 MDR and 14/50 XDR strains inhibited at 3.125 v/v% killed at 6.25 v/v% concentration respectively. Conclusion: Manuka honey could be an alternative option for treating S. Typhi infections.
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella Typhi. These bacteria are transmitted through contaminated water and food and cause fever, abdominal pain, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea mainly in children under 5. There are around 9 million people get infected with S. Typhi, with an increased death of 1,10,000 annually. Bees that collect nectar from the blossoms of the Manuka tree in Australia and New Zealand produce a type of honey known as manuka honey. This honey is famous for its antibacterial activity, and potential health benefits. Therefore, we aimed to determine its antibacterial activity against S. Typhi. Our finding shows that the commonly available antibiotics did not kill S. Typhi because their DNA was drug-resistant. After applying the manuka honey, these bacteria were killed and given a clear zone ranging from 15–24mm on the agar plate. Further analysis revealed that at low concentrations of manuka honey, 3.1% and 6.25%, most of the S. Typhi stopped growing and killed, respectively. This study suggested that manuka honey, which is affordable and readily available, could be used as a treatment option to treat infections produced by these harmful bacteria after further analysis.
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella Typhi. These bacteria are transmitted through contaminated water and food and cause fever, abdominal pain, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea mainly in children under 5. There are around 9 million people get infected with S. Typhi, with an increased death of 1,10,000 annually. Bees that collect nectar from the blossoms of the Manuka tree in Australia and New Zealand produce a type of honey known as manuka honey. This honey is famous for its antibacterial activity, and potential health benefits. Therefore, we aimed to determine its antibacterial activity against S. Typhi. Our finding shows that the commonly available antibiotics did not kill S. Typhi because their DNA was drug-resistant. After applying the manuka honey, these bacteria were killed and given a clear zone ranging from 15–24mm on the agar plate. Further analysis revealed that at low concentrations of manuka honey, 3.1% and 6.25%, most of the S. Typhi stopped growing and killed, respectively. This study suggested that manuka honey, which is affordable and readily available, could be used as a treatment option to treat infections produced by these harmful bacteria after further analysis.
摘要：
目的：确定麦卢卡蜂蜜对伤寒沙门氏菌多药耐药（MDR）和广泛耐药（XDR）临床菌株的疗效。材料与方法：使用Bactec血液培养系统处理临床分离株，通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）鉴定Vitek2和抗生素抗性基因的抗菌谱。微肉汤稀释试验评估了麦卢卡蜂蜜的抗菌活性。结果：MDR和XDR-S。伤寒对阿奇霉素敏感。这些菌株携带H58，gyrA，gyrB,blaCTX-M-15,和blaTEM-1基因.100%蜂蜜，MDR(15-23毫米)和XDR(15-24毫米)菌株的抑制区。18/50MDR和14/50XDR菌株在3.125v/v%时分别在6.25v/v%浓度下杀死。结论：麦卢卡蜂蜜可能是治疗伤寒沙门氏菌感染的替代选择。
伤寒是由伤寒沙门氏菌引起的威胁生命的细菌感染。这些细菌通过污染的水和食物传播并引起发烧，腹痛,头痛,呕吐,腹泻主要发生在5岁以下儿童。大约有900万人感染了伤寒沙门氏菌，每年增加1,000人死亡。从澳大利亚和新西兰的麦卢卡树的花朵中收集花蜜的蜜蜂会产生一种称为麦卢卡蜂蜜的蜂蜜。这种蜂蜜以其抗菌活性而闻名，和潜在的健康益处。因此,我们的目的是确定其对伤寒沙门氏菌的抗菌活性。我们的发现表明，常用的抗生素不能杀死伤寒沙门氏菌，因为它们的DNA具有抗药性。涂了manuka蜂蜜后,这些细菌被杀死，并在琼脂平板上给出15-24mm的清晰区域。进一步的分析表明，在低浓度的麦卢卡蜂蜜中，3.1%和6.25%，大部分伤寒沙门氏菌停止生长并被杀死，分别。这项研究表明，麦卢卡蜂蜜，这是负担得起的，容易获得，在进一步分析后，可以用作治疗这些有害细菌产生的感染的治疗选择。
伤寒是由伤寒沙门氏菌引起的威胁生命的细菌感染。这些细菌通过污染的水和食物传播并引起发烧，腹痛,头痛,呕吐,腹泻主要发生在5岁以下儿童。大约有900万人感染了伤寒沙门氏菌，每年增加1,000人死亡。从澳大利亚和新西兰的麦卢卡树的花朵中收集花蜜的蜜蜂会产生一种称为麦卢卡蜂蜜的蜂蜜。这种蜂蜜以其抗菌活性而闻名，和潜在的健康益处。因此,我们的目的是确定其对伤寒沙门氏菌的抗菌活性。我们的发现表明，常用的抗生素不能杀死伤寒沙门氏菌，因为它们的DNA具有抗药性。涂了manuka蜂蜜后,这些细菌被杀死，并在琼脂平板上给出15-24mm的清晰区域。进一步的分析表明，在低浓度的麦卢卡蜂蜜中，3.1%和6.25%，大部分伤寒沙门氏菌停止生长并被杀死，分别。这项研究表明，麦卢卡蜂蜜，这是负担得起的，容易获得，在进一步分析后，可以用作治疗这些有害细菌产生的感染的治疗选择。
