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Abstract：
This paper discusses a neglected aspect of the historiography of aphasia, the role that Pavlovian conditioning played in Alexander Luria\'s and Wilder Penfield\'s understanding of the acquisition, expression, and loss of spoken and written speech. Luria was born into a bourgeois family in Tzarist Russia and pursued his research on speech and aphasia under the Soviet regime. Luria\'s work was condemned in the last years of Stalin\'s rule, but it received international acclaim in the West after Stalin\'s death. Penfield was conversant with Pavlov\'s writing having had a working relationship with one of Pavlov\'s foremost students, Boris Babkin, who came to McGill University and later to the Montreal Neurological Institute after being jailed and exiled from the Soviet Union for lack of revolutionary fervor. Both Luria and Penfield, the latter as early as 1935, saw in Pavlovian conditioning mediated by specific areas of the human cerebral cortex the basic neurophysiological mechanism underlying speech and thought, and in Penfield\'s\' case, memory, perception, self-awareness, and purposeful behavior. It is concluded that Luria and Penfield independently arrived at a general hypothesis, based on Pavlovian conditioning, that united the localization of speech, the syndromes caused by damage to speech-competent regions, and the putative neurophysiological mechanisms that they believed to underlie speech and higher cortical functions.
摘要：
本文讨论了失语症史学中一个被忽视的方面，巴甫洛夫条件反射在亚历山大·卢里亚和怀尔德·彭菲尔德对收购的理解中扮演的角色，表达式,以及口头和书面演讲的丧失。Luria出生于Tzarist俄罗斯的一个资产阶级家庭，并在苏维埃政权下进行了关于言语和失语症的研究。卢里亚的工作在斯大林统治的最后几年受到谴责，但在斯大林死后，它在西方得到了国际赞誉。彭菲尔德熟悉巴甫洛夫的写作，与巴甫洛夫最重要的学生之一有工作关系，鲍里斯·巴布金,他因缺乏革命热情而被判入狱并从苏联流放，后来来到麦吉尔大学，后来进入蒙特利尔神经学研究所。Luria和Penfield,后者早在1935年，就在巴甫洛夫调节中看到了人类大脑皮层特定区域介导的基本神经生理机制，在彭菲尔德的情况下，记忆,感知，自我意识,和有目的的行为。结论是，Luria和Penfield独立地得出了一般假设，基于巴甫洛夫条件，统一了语音的本地化，由言语能干区域受损引起的综合症，以及他们认为是言语和高级皮层功能基础的假定神经生理机制。
