Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Homicide by drowning in adults is rare. Usually, marks of violence are found on both the victim and the perpetrator, unless the victim was under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or was unexpectedly forced or dragged into the water. Indeed, many cases of drowning in adults are believed to be accidental, but they may be the result of drunken fights or attempts to make the death appear ac-cidental. In order to define the manner of death, cooperation between the forensic pathologist and the investigators is mandatory. Indeed, the autopsy is important to distinguish homicide by drowning from other kinds of drowning. The purpose of this study is to highlight the features of homicide by drowning.
UNASSIGNED: Literature search was conducted using PubMed databases, using the following keywords: \"(homicide) and (drowning)\". 3 articles were included in the systematic review, in addition to 3 cases observed in our institute.
UNASSIGNED: Both external examination and autopsy findings and the results of the investigation are essential to differentiate a homicide by drowning from accidental ones. The low specificity and variability of external and internal findings, the possibility of atypical asphyctic and nonasphyctic pathophysiological mechanisms, whose nature is not detectable at postmortem examinations, makes the diagnosis of cause of death difficult and often based on exclusion criteria only. In complex cases only using a strict forensic method allows to use the essential tools to identify the real manner of death.
UNASSIGNED: Literature search was conducted using PubMed databases, using the following keywords: \"(homicide) and (drowning)\". 3 articles were included in the systematic review, in addition to 3 cases observed in our institute.
UNASSIGNED: Both external examination and autopsy findings and the results of the investigation are essential to differentiate a homicide by drowning from accidental ones. The low specificity and variability of external and internal findings, the possibility of atypical asphyctic and nonasphyctic pathophysiological mechanisms, whose nature is not detectable at postmortem examinations, makes the diagnosis of cause of death difficult and often based on exclusion criteria only. In complex cases only using a strict forensic method allows to use the essential tools to identify the real manner of death.
摘要：
■成人溺水杀人是罕见的。通常,受害者和肇事者身上都有暴力痕迹，除非受害者受到酒精的影响,毒品,或意外被迫或被拖入水中。的确,许多成年人溺水的案例被认为是偶然的，但它们可能是醉酒打架或试图让死亡看起来是偶然的结果。为了定义死亡的方式，法医病理学家和调查人员之间的合作是强制性的。的确,尸检对于区分溺水杀人和其他类型的溺水很重要。这项研究的目的是强调溺水杀人的特征。
■使用PubMed数据库进行文献检索，使用以下关键字：“（凶杀）和（溺水）”。系统评价包括3篇文章，除了我们研究所观察到的3例病例。
■外部检查和尸检结果以及调查结果对于区分溺水凶杀案和意外凶杀案至关重要。外部和内部发现的低特异性和变异性，非典型窒息和非窒息病理生理机制的可能性，其性质在验尸时无法检测到，使死亡原因的诊断变得困难，并且通常仅基于排除标准。在复杂的情况下，只有使用严格的法医方法才能使用必要的工具来识别真实的死亡方式。
■使用PubMed数据库进行文献检索，使用以下关键字：“（凶杀）和（溺水）”。系统评价包括3篇文章，除了我们研究所观察到的3例病例。
■外部检查和尸检结果以及调查结果对于区分溺水凶杀案和意外凶杀案至关重要。外部和内部发现的低特异性和变异性，非典型窒息和非窒息病理生理机制的可能性，其性质在验尸时无法检测到，使死亡原因的诊断变得困难，并且通常仅基于排除标准。在复杂的情况下，只有使用严格的法医方法才能使用必要的工具来识别真实的死亡方式。
