PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Inadequate dietary intake and low energy availability (LEA) negatively impact athlete\'s health, recovery, and performance outcomes. Currently, there is no Indian study that assessed the energy availability (EA) of Indian boxers and studied the contributing factors to LEA. This study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the EA of Indian boxers (lightweight category) and correlating it with contributing factors such as anthropometric measurements, body composition, dietary intake, nutrient intake, and exercise energy expenditure.
METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 30 state-level boxers of the lightweight category (females: nine) residing in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, using purposive sampling. Body composition was assessed using a body composition monitor. Anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard methods. Three-day exercise energy expenditure was calculated. Three-day dietary intake was assessed, which included two training days and one rest day using the three-day multiple-pass method. Dietary intake assessment included intake of all the meals, snacks, sports foods, sports, and dietary supplements. EA was calculated and participants were classified as moderate EA (30-45 kcal/kg FFM/day) and low EA (< 30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were conducted using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 23; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY).
RESULTS: Male boxers had a mean age of 18.43±0.93 years, and females had a mean age of 18.44±0.88 years. Among boxers, 36.67% (n=11) of participants were underweight, 46.67% (n=14) had a normal BMI, and 16.67% (n=5) were overweight. The mean body fat (%) for boxers was 13.11±1.8. Participants had insufficient consumption of different food groups before and after the energy intake adjustment. Processed packaged food consumption was popular among the participants. Various kinds of sports foods and supplements were consumed by a few athletes. Dietary supplements were not common among participants. The nutrient intake of the participants was inadequate. Participants could not fulfill energy/kg/day, carbohydrate/kg/day, protein/kg/day, and fat/kg/day requirements by 29%, 36.2%, 34.8%, and 23.9%, respectively. Iron and calcium intake was inadequate among female participants by 1.4% and 12.8%, respectively. Among male boxers, the mean EA was 29.71±3.74 kcal/kg FFM/day, and the mean EA of female boxers was 28.3±3.95 kcal/kg FFM/day. Around 66.67% of boxers in the present study had LEA, while the rest had reduced EA. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%). Energy intake was significantly related to EA and total body muscle % significantly moderated that relationship. The influence of fat-free mass (%), EEE (kcal), and energy intake (kcal) on the EA (kcal/kg FFM/day) was significant using multiple linear regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the participants could not meet the food intake and nutrient recommendations. The majority of the participants had LEA. The higher the energy and nutrient intake, the higher the EA in the present study. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%) and exercise energy expenditure.
METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 30 state-level boxers of the lightweight category (females: nine) residing in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, using purposive sampling. Body composition was assessed using a body composition monitor. Anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard methods. Three-day exercise energy expenditure was calculated. Three-day dietary intake was assessed, which included two training days and one rest day using the three-day multiple-pass method. Dietary intake assessment included intake of all the meals, snacks, sports foods, sports, and dietary supplements. EA was calculated and participants were classified as moderate EA (30-45 kcal/kg FFM/day) and low EA (< 30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were conducted using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 23; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY).
RESULTS: Male boxers had a mean age of 18.43±0.93 years, and females had a mean age of 18.44±0.88 years. Among boxers, 36.67% (n=11) of participants were underweight, 46.67% (n=14) had a normal BMI, and 16.67% (n=5) were overweight. The mean body fat (%) for boxers was 13.11±1.8. Participants had insufficient consumption of different food groups before and after the energy intake adjustment. Processed packaged food consumption was popular among the participants. Various kinds of sports foods and supplements were consumed by a few athletes. Dietary supplements were not common among participants. The nutrient intake of the participants was inadequate. Participants could not fulfill energy/kg/day, carbohydrate/kg/day, protein/kg/day, and fat/kg/day requirements by 29%, 36.2%, 34.8%, and 23.9%, respectively. Iron and calcium intake was inadequate among female participants by 1.4% and 12.8%, respectively. Among male boxers, the mean EA was 29.71±3.74 kcal/kg FFM/day, and the mean EA of female boxers was 28.3±3.95 kcal/kg FFM/day. Around 66.67% of boxers in the present study had LEA, while the rest had reduced EA. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%). Energy intake was significantly related to EA and total body muscle % significantly moderated that relationship. The influence of fat-free mass (%), EEE (kcal), and energy intake (kcal) on the EA (kcal/kg FFM/day) was significant using multiple linear regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the participants could not meet the food intake and nutrient recommendations. The majority of the participants had LEA. The higher the energy and nutrient intake, the higher the EA in the present study. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%) and exercise energy expenditure.
摘要：
背景：饮食摄入不足和能量利用率低（LEA）对运动员的健康产生负面影响，recovery,和绩效结果。目前,没有印度的研究评估了印度拳击手的能量可用性（EA），并研究了LEA的影响因素。这项研究的目的是评估印度拳击手的EA（轻量级类别），并将其与人体测量等因素相关联。身体成分,饮食摄入量，营养素摄入量，和锻炼能量消耗。
方法：这项描述性横断面研究招募了居住在孟买的30名州轻量级拳击手（女性：9名），马哈拉施特拉邦,印度,使用目的性抽样。使用身体组成监测器评估身体组成。使用标准方法评估人体测量。计算了三天的运动能量消耗。评估了三天的饮食摄入量，其中包括使用三天多次通过方法的两个训练日和一个休息日。饮食摄入量评估包括所有膳食的摄入量，小吃,运动食品,体育,和膳食补充剂。计算EA，参与者分为中度EA（30-45kcal/kgFFM/天）和低EA（<30kcal/kgFFM/天）。使用统计产品和服务解决方案(SPSS，版本23;IBMSPSSStatisticsforWindows,Armonk,NY).
结果：男性拳击手的平均年龄为18.43±0.93岁，女性平均年龄为18.44±0.88岁。在拳击手中，36.67%（n=11）的参与者体重不足，46.67%(n=14)的BMI正常,16.67%(n=5)超重。拳击手的平均体脂（％）为13.11±1.8。参与者在能量摄入调整前后对不同食物组的摄入不足。加工包装食品消费在参与者中很受欢迎。少数运动员食用了各种运动食品和补品。膳食补充剂在参与者中并不常见。参与者的营养摄入不足。参与者无法满足能量/千克/天，碳水化合物/千克/天，蛋白质/千克/天，和脂肪/公斤/天的要求29％，36.2%,34.8%,和23.9%，分别。女性参与者的铁和钙摄入量不足分别为1.4%和12.8%，分别。在男性拳击手中，平均EA为29.71±3.74kcal/kgFFM/天，女性拳击手的平均EA为28.3±3.95kcal/kgFFM/天。本研究中约有66.67％的拳击手患有LEA，而其余的则降低了EA。EA与无脂肪质量(%)具有中等显著的反比关系。能量摄入与EA显着相关，全身肌肉百分比显着缓解了这种关系。无脂质量的影响(%),EEE(大卡),使用多元线性回归分析，EA（kcal/kgFFM/天）上的能量摄入（kcal）显着。
结论：大多数参与者无法满足食物摄入量和营养建议。大多数参与者都有LEA。能量和营养摄入量越高，本研究中的EA越高。EA与无脂肪质量（％）和运动能量消耗呈中等显着的负相关。
方法：这项描述性横断面研究招募了居住在孟买的30名州轻量级拳击手（女性：9名），马哈拉施特拉邦,印度,使用目的性抽样。使用身体组成监测器评估身体组成。使用标准方法评估人体测量。计算了三天的运动能量消耗。评估了三天的饮食摄入量，其中包括使用三天多次通过方法的两个训练日和一个休息日。饮食摄入量评估包括所有膳食的摄入量，小吃,运动食品,体育,和膳食补充剂。计算EA，参与者分为中度EA（30-45kcal/kgFFM/天）和低EA（<30kcal/kgFFM/天）。使用统计产品和服务解决方案(SPSS，版本23;IBMSPSSStatisticsforWindows,Armonk,NY).
结果：男性拳击手的平均年龄为18.43±0.93岁，女性平均年龄为18.44±0.88岁。在拳击手中，36.67%（n=11）的参与者体重不足，46.67%(n=14)的BMI正常,16.67%(n=5)超重。拳击手的平均体脂（％）为13.11±1.8。参与者在能量摄入调整前后对不同食物组的摄入不足。加工包装食品消费在参与者中很受欢迎。少数运动员食用了各种运动食品和补品。膳食补充剂在参与者中并不常见。参与者的营养摄入不足。参与者无法满足能量/千克/天，碳水化合物/千克/天，蛋白质/千克/天，和脂肪/公斤/天的要求29％，36.2%,34.8%,和23.9%，分别。女性参与者的铁和钙摄入量不足分别为1.4%和12.8%，分别。在男性拳击手中，平均EA为29.71±3.74kcal/kgFFM/天，女性拳击手的平均EA为28.3±3.95kcal/kgFFM/天。本研究中约有66.67％的拳击手患有LEA，而其余的则降低了EA。EA与无脂肪质量(%)具有中等显著的反比关系。能量摄入与EA显着相关，全身肌肉百分比显着缓解了这种关系。无脂质量的影响(%),EEE(大卡),使用多元线性回归分析，EA（kcal/kgFFM/天）上的能量摄入（kcal）显着。
结论：大多数参与者无法满足食物摄入量和营养建议。大多数参与者都有LEA。能量和营养摄入量越高，本研究中的EA越高。EA与无脂肪质量（％）和运动能量消耗呈中等显着的负相关。
