Abstract：
High-concentration fluoride treatment is commonly used to prevent dental caries in the oral cavity, and fluorine-containing protective paint is used to alleviate common root sensitivity symptoms in patients with periodontitis after periodontal treatment. Recent studies have confirmed its safe use in normal oral environments. However, whether fluoride treatment affects the progression of periodontitis in an inflammatory microenvironment remains unclear. Immunometabolism is crucial for maintaining bone regeneration and repair in periodontitis, and the precise regulation of macrophage polarisation is crucial to this process. Fluoride can influence the immune microenvironment of bone tissue by regulating immune metabolic processes. Herein, we investigated the effects of high concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) on periodontal tissues. We examined the expression of osteogenic and M1/M2 macrophage polarisation markers and glucose metabolism in macrophages. RNA sequencing was used to study differentially expressed genes related to M1 polarisation and glucose metabolism in treated macrophages. The results showed that NaF indirectly affects human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), aggravating bone loss, tissue destruction, and submandibular lymph node drainage. Furthermore, NaF promoted glycolysis in macrophages and M1 polarisation while inhibiting osteogenic differentiation. These findings suggest that NaF has a direct effect on hPDLCs. Moreover, we found that high concentrations of NaF stimulated M1 polarisation in macrophages by promoting glycolysis. Overall, these results suggest that M1 macrophages promote the osteoclastic ability of hPDLCs and inhibit their osteogenic ability, eventually aggravating periodontitis. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism of action of NaF in periodontal tissue regeneration and reconstruction, which is critical for providing appropriate recommendations for the use of fluoride in patients with periodontitis.
摘要：
高浓度氟化物治疗常用于预防口腔龋齿,含氟防护漆用于缓解牙周炎患者牙周治疗后常见的牙根敏感症状。最近的研究已经证实其在正常口腔环境中的安全使用。然而,氟化物治疗是否会影响炎症微环境中牙周炎的进展尚不清楚.免疫代谢对于维持牙周炎的骨再生和修复至关重要。而巨噬细胞极化的精确调控对这一过程至关重要。氟化物可以通过调节免疫代谢过程影响骨组织的免疫微环境。在这里，我们研究了高浓度氟化钠（NaF）对牙周组织的影响。我们检查了巨噬细胞中成骨和M1/M2巨噬细胞极化标记物的表达以及葡萄糖代谢。RNA测序用于研究与处理的巨噬细胞中M1极化和葡萄糖代谢相关的差异表达基因。结果表明，NaF间接影响人牙周膜细胞（hPDLCs），加重骨质流失,组织破坏,下颌下淋巴结引流。此外，NaF促进巨噬细胞的糖酵解和M1极化，同时抑制成骨分化。这些发现表明NaF对hPDLCs有直接作用。此外，我们发现高浓度的NaF通过促进糖酵解刺激巨噬细胞的M1极化。总的来说,这些结果表明M1巨噬细胞促进hPDLCs的破骨细胞能力并抑制其成骨能力，最终加重牙周炎。这些发现为NaF在牙周组织再生和重建中的作用机制提供了重要的见解。这对于为牙周炎患者使用氟化物提供适当的建议至关重要。
