Abstract：
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes destruction of the periodontium and eventual tooth loss. The priority in the periodontal treatment is to remove the subgingival biofilm. Chemical removal of biofilms using antimicrobial agents has been applied in clinical practice. However, their clinical effect is still limited because the agents must overcome biofilm\'s significant drug tolerance, which is primarily caused by the extracellular matrix, a physical barrier that attenuates drug diffusion. This study aimed to study the use of ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of biocompatible materials, for controlling subgingival biofilms because of their excellent permeability. Choline and geranate (CAGE) IL was tested for its highly potent antiseptic behavior and permeability. Antibacterial tests revealed that the significant efficacy of CAGE against periodontopathic microorganisms was derived from their ability to destroy cell membrane, as demonstrated by membrane permeability assay and transmission electron microscopy imaging. Antibiofilm tests using two pathogenic biofilm models revealed that CAGE exerted efficacy against the biofilm-embedded bacteria, conspicuously neutralized the biofilms, and eventually destroyed the biofilm structure. Furthermore, the penetration of CAGE into the biofilm was visually confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. This study highlighted the potential of CAGE as a powerful antibiofilm therapeutic.
摘要：
牙周炎是一种慢性炎性疾病,其导致牙周组织的破坏和最终的牙齿脱落。牙周治疗的首要任务是去除龈下生物膜。使用抗微生物剂化学去除生物膜已应用于临床实践。然而,它们的临床效果仍然有限，因为这些药物必须克服生物膜的显著药物耐受性，这主要是由细胞外基质引起的，削弱药物扩散的物理屏障。本研究旨在研究离子液体(ILs)的用途，一类新的生物相容性材料，用于控制龈下生物膜，因为它们具有出色的渗透性。测试了胆碱和叶酸根（CAGE）IL的高效防腐性能和渗透性。抗菌试验表明，CAGE对牙周病微生物的显著疗效来自于它们破坏细胞膜的能力，如膜通透性测定和透射电子显微镜成像所示。使用两种致病性生物膜模型进行的抗生物膜测试显示，CAGE对生物膜包埋的细菌具有功效，明显中和了生物膜，最终破坏了生物膜结构。此外，使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜目视确认CAGE渗透到生物膜中。这项研究强调了CAGE作为一种强大的抗生物膜治疗剂的潜力。
