Abstract：
Forests provide important ecosystem services (ESs), including climate change mitigation, local climate regulation, habitat for biodiversity, wood and non-wood products, energy, and recreation. Simultaneously, forests are increasingly affected by climate change and need to be adapted to future environmental conditions. Current legislation, including the European Union (EU) Biodiversity Strategy, EU Forest Strategy, and national laws, aims to protect forest landscapes, enhance ESs, adapt forests to climate change, and leverage forest products for climate change mitigation and the bioeconomy. However, reconciling all these competing demands poses a tremendous task for policymakers, forest managers, conservation agencies, and other stakeholders, especially given the uncertainty associated with future climate impacts. Here, we used process-based ecosystem modeling and robust multi-criteria optimization to develop forest management portfolios that provide multiple ESs across a wide range of climate scenarios. We included constraints to strictly protect 10% of Europe\'s land area and to provide stable harvest levels under every climate scenario. The optimization showed only limited options to improve ES provision within these constraints. Consequently, management portfolios suffered from low diversity, which contradicts the goal of multi-functionality and exposes regions to significant risk due to a lack of risk diversification. Additionally, certain regions, especially those in the north, would need to prioritize timber provision to compensate for reduced harvests elsewhere. This conflicts with EU LULUCF targets for increased forest carbon sinks in all member states and prevents an equal distribution of strictly protected areas, introducing a bias as to which forest ecosystems are more protected than others. Thus, coordinated strategies at the European level are imperative to address these challenges effectively. We suggest that the implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, EU Forest Strategy, and targets for forest carbon sinks require complementary measures to alleviate the conflicting demands on forests.
摘要：
森林提供重要的生态系统服务（ESs），包括减缓气候变化，当地气候调节，生物多样性的栖息地，木材和非木材产品，能源,和娱乐。同时,森林越来越受到气候变化的影响，需要适应未来的环境条件。现行立法,包括欧盟生物多样性战略，欧盟森林战略,和国家法律，旨在保护森林景观，增强ES，使森林适应气候变化，并利用林产品缓解气候变化和生物经济。然而,调和所有这些相互竞争的需求对决策者来说是一项艰巨的任务，森林管理者,保护机构，和其他利益相关者，特别是考虑到与未来气候影响相关的不确定性。这里,我们使用基于过程的生态系统建模和稳健的多标准优化来开发森林管理组合，这些组合在各种气候情景中提供了多个ESs。我们包括严格保护欧洲10％的土地面积的限制，并在每种气候情况下提供稳定的收获水平。优化显示只有有限的选择来改善这些限制条件下的ES供应。因此,管理投资组合的多样性低，这与多功能性的目标相矛盾，并由于缺乏风险分散而使区域面临重大风险。此外,某些地区,尤其是北方的人，将需要优先考虑木材供应，以补偿其他地方减少的收成。这与欧盟土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业在所有成员国增加森林碳汇的目标相冲突，并阻碍了严格保护区的平均分配，引入了一种偏见，即哪些森林生态系统比其他森林生态系统受到更多保护。因此，欧洲层面的协调战略对于有效应对这些挑战至关重要。我们建议实施欧盟生物多样性战略，欧盟森林战略,森林碳汇的目标需要采取补充措施来缓解对森林的矛盾需求。
