PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: A loophole in US gun policy is that people can purchase guns from private sellers without going through any background check. Some states have addressed this loophole by requiring universal background checks for all gun sales, either at the point of sale or through a permit system; however, most studies on the effectiveness of universal background checks have not analyzed these 2 policy mechanisms separately.
UNASSIGNED: To assess the association of point-of-sale background check law and gun permit law, separately, with firearm homicide rates from 1976 through 2022 using the same methods and model specification.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study used a difference-in-differences, fixed-effects regression model to evaluate firearm laws and firearm homicide rates in 48 states from 1976 through 2022. Data were obtained for 48 states except New Hampshire and Vermont and were analyzed in January 2024.
UNASSIGNED: Implementation of either the law requiring a universal background check at point of sale for all firearms without a permit or the laws combining universal background checks and a state permit requirement for all gun purchasers.
UNASSIGNED: Annual, state-specific rates of firearm homicide per 100 000 people.
UNASSIGNED: From 1976 through 2022, 12 states adopted the universal background check laws without permitting requirements and 7 states implemented gun permit laws covering all firearms. The mean (SD) firearm homicide rate was 4.3 (0.1) per 100 000 people. Universal background checks for all firearms alone (without a state permitting system) were not associated with overall homicide rates (percentage change, 1.3%; 95% CI, -6.9% to 10.4%) or firearm homicide rates (percentage change, 3.7%; 95% CI, -5.3% to 13.6%). A law requiring a permit for the purchase of all firearms was associated with significantly lower overall homicide rates (percentage change, -15.4%; 95% CI, -28.5% to -0.01%) and firearm homicide rates (percentage change, -18.3%; 95% CI, -32.0% to -1.9%).
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study found that universal background checks alone were not associated with firearm homicide rates, but a permit requirement for the purchase and possession of firearms was associated with substantially reduced rates of firearm homicide. The findings suggest that combining universal background checks and permit-to-purchase requirements is an effective strategy for firearm-related fatality reduction.
UNASSIGNED: To assess the association of point-of-sale background check law and gun permit law, separately, with firearm homicide rates from 1976 through 2022 using the same methods and model specification.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study used a difference-in-differences, fixed-effects regression model to evaluate firearm laws and firearm homicide rates in 48 states from 1976 through 2022. Data were obtained for 48 states except New Hampshire and Vermont and were analyzed in January 2024.
UNASSIGNED: Implementation of either the law requiring a universal background check at point of sale for all firearms without a permit or the laws combining universal background checks and a state permit requirement for all gun purchasers.
UNASSIGNED: Annual, state-specific rates of firearm homicide per 100 000 people.
UNASSIGNED: From 1976 through 2022, 12 states adopted the universal background check laws without permitting requirements and 7 states implemented gun permit laws covering all firearms. The mean (SD) firearm homicide rate was 4.3 (0.1) per 100 000 people. Universal background checks for all firearms alone (without a state permitting system) were not associated with overall homicide rates (percentage change, 1.3%; 95% CI, -6.9% to 10.4%) or firearm homicide rates (percentage change, 3.7%; 95% CI, -5.3% to 13.6%). A law requiring a permit for the purchase of all firearms was associated with significantly lower overall homicide rates (percentage change, -15.4%; 95% CI, -28.5% to -0.01%) and firearm homicide rates (percentage change, -18.3%; 95% CI, -32.0% to -1.9%).
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study found that universal background checks alone were not associated with firearm homicide rates, but a permit requirement for the purchase and possession of firearms was associated with substantially reduced rates of firearm homicide. The findings suggest that combining universal background checks and permit-to-purchase requirements is an effective strategy for firearm-related fatality reduction.
摘要：
■美国枪支政策的一个漏洞是，人们可以从私人卖家那里购买枪支，而无需经过任何背景调查。一些州通过要求对所有枪支销售进行普遍背景调查来解决这一漏洞，在销售点或通过许可证制度；然而，大多数关于普遍背景调查有效性的研究没有单独分析这两种政策机制。
■为了评估销售点背景调查法和枪支许可证法的关联，分开,从1976年到2022年，枪支凶杀率使用相同的方法和模型规范。
■这项横断面研究使用了差异差异，固定效应回归模型，用于评估1976年至2022年48个州的枪支法律和枪支凶杀率。数据来自除新罕布什尔州和佛蒙特州以外的48个州，并于2024年1月进行了分析。
■实施要求在没有许可证的情况下在销售点对所有枪支进行普遍背景调查的法律，或者将普遍背景调查和对所有枪支购买者的州许可要求相结合的法律。
■年度，每10万人中特定州的枪支凶杀案发生率。
■从1976年到2022年，12个州在没有许可要求的情况下通过了普遍的背景调查法律，7个州实施了涵盖所有枪支的枪支许可证法律。平均（SD）枪支凶杀率为每10万人4.3（0.1）。仅对所有枪支进行普遍的背景调查（没有州许可制度）与总体凶杀率无关（百分比变化，1.3%；95%CI，-6.9%至10.4%）或枪支凶杀率（百分比变化，3.7%；95%CI，-5.3%至13.6%）。一项要求获得所有枪支购买许可证的法律与总体凶杀率显着降低有关（百分比变化，-15.4%；95%CI，-28.5%至-0.01%）和枪支凶杀率（百分比变化，-18.3%；95%CI，-32.0%至-1.9%）。
■这项横断面研究发现，仅进行普遍的背景调查与枪支凶杀率无关，但是购买和拥有枪支的许可要求与大大降低枪支杀人率有关。研究结果表明，将普遍的背景调查和购买许可要求相结合是减少枪支相关死亡的有效策略。
■为了评估销售点背景调查法和枪支许可证法的关联，分开,从1976年到2022年，枪支凶杀率使用相同的方法和模型规范。
■这项横断面研究使用了差异差异，固定效应回归模型，用于评估1976年至2022年48个州的枪支法律和枪支凶杀率。数据来自除新罕布什尔州和佛蒙特州以外的48个州，并于2024年1月进行了分析。
■实施要求在没有许可证的情况下在销售点对所有枪支进行普遍背景调查的法律，或者将普遍背景调查和对所有枪支购买者的州许可要求相结合的法律。
■年度，每10万人中特定州的枪支凶杀案发生率。
■从1976年到2022年，12个州在没有许可要求的情况下通过了普遍的背景调查法律，7个州实施了涵盖所有枪支的枪支许可证法律。平均（SD）枪支凶杀率为每10万人4.3（0.1）。仅对所有枪支进行普遍的背景调查（没有州许可制度）与总体凶杀率无关（百分比变化，1.3%；95%CI，-6.9%至10.4%）或枪支凶杀率（百分比变化，3.7%；95%CI，-5.3%至13.6%）。一项要求获得所有枪支购买许可证的法律与总体凶杀率显着降低有关（百分比变化，-15.4%；95%CI，-28.5%至-0.01%）和枪支凶杀率（百分比变化，-18.3%；95%CI，-32.0%至-1.9%）。
■这项横断面研究发现，仅进行普遍的背景调查与枪支凶杀率无关，但是购买和拥有枪支的许可要求与大大降低枪支杀人率有关。研究结果表明，将普遍的背景调查和购买许可要求相结合是减少枪支相关死亡的有效策略。
