Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The gender bias in academic anesthesiology is well known. Women are not only a minority in the field but also underrepresented in leadership positions. Reported reasons for this underrepresentation include barriers to career advancement, lack of mentorship, and differences in compensation, among others. Interventional pain, a competitive procedural subspecialty of anesthesiology, sees the trickle-down effects of this disparity. According to a report from the ACGME that sorted medical subspecialties by number of female trainees, pain medicine ranked in the bottom quartile across all disciplines from 2008-2016.
OBJECTIVE: To better understand the landscape for women physicians in the field of pain medicine, we undertook this investigation to review the knowledge about the topic and what questions remain unanswered.
METHODS: This study is a review of the current literature and aims to summarize and describe the landscape of pain medicine for women physicians.
METHODS: All literature review and manuscript preparation took place at the Yale University School of Medicine.
METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search using the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for the combined terms \"gender disparity,\" \"pain medicine,\" and \"anesthesiology,\" limiting our search to the year 2000 onward for the most recent literature on the topic. Our initial search retrieved 38 articles. All relevant articles pertaining to this perspective piece were collated. The available literature is discussed below.
RESULTS: Women are underrepresented in interventional pain. The grim scarcity of female pain physicians is unlikely to improve soon, since while the number of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education pain fellowship programs continues to grow, women trainees comprise only between 22-25% of all pain medicine fellows. Additionally, although studies have compared the numbers of male interventional pain faculty to their female counterparts in academic hospitals and shown the ratio to range from 71.84-82% to 18-28.52%, respectively, no studies have truly explored the landscape for women physicians in private practice. Patients prefer and have better experiences with physicians who are racially and ethnically like themselves. In fact, the preference for and the lack of female clinicians have been associated with delayed pursuit of care and adverse health outcomes. The consequences of the burnout and attrition caused by the gender disparity, especially in a field like pain medicine, cannot be understate.
CONCLUSIONS: The review might not have been comprehensive, and relevant studies might not have been included.
CONCLUSIONS: While the gender disparity in academia is well documented for both anesthesiology and pain medicine, the reasons for this disparity have not been fully explored. Moreover, it is also unknown whether the minority of female physicians who select pain medicine as a subspecialty gravitate toward an academic or a private-practice path. To address the existing gender disparity, it is necessary to explore the landscape of interventional pain medicine in both academic and private practices and understand pain physicians\' beliefs and sentiments regarding their subspecialty.
OBJECTIVE: To better understand the landscape for women physicians in the field of pain medicine, we undertook this investigation to review the knowledge about the topic and what questions remain unanswered.
METHODS: This study is a review of the current literature and aims to summarize and describe the landscape of pain medicine for women physicians.
METHODS: All literature review and manuscript preparation took place at the Yale University School of Medicine.
METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search using the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for the combined terms \"gender disparity,\" \"pain medicine,\" and \"anesthesiology,\" limiting our search to the year 2000 onward for the most recent literature on the topic. Our initial search retrieved 38 articles. All relevant articles pertaining to this perspective piece were collated. The available literature is discussed below.
RESULTS: Women are underrepresented in interventional pain. The grim scarcity of female pain physicians is unlikely to improve soon, since while the number of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education pain fellowship programs continues to grow, women trainees comprise only between 22-25% of all pain medicine fellows. Additionally, although studies have compared the numbers of male interventional pain faculty to their female counterparts in academic hospitals and shown the ratio to range from 71.84-82% to 18-28.52%, respectively, no studies have truly explored the landscape for women physicians in private practice. Patients prefer and have better experiences with physicians who are racially and ethnically like themselves. In fact, the preference for and the lack of female clinicians have been associated with delayed pursuit of care and adverse health outcomes. The consequences of the burnout and attrition caused by the gender disparity, especially in a field like pain medicine, cannot be understate.
CONCLUSIONS: The review might not have been comprehensive, and relevant studies might not have been included.
CONCLUSIONS: While the gender disparity in academia is well documented for both anesthesiology and pain medicine, the reasons for this disparity have not been fully explored. Moreover, it is also unknown whether the minority of female physicians who select pain medicine as a subspecialty gravitate toward an academic or a private-practice path. To address the existing gender disparity, it is necessary to explore the landscape of interventional pain medicine in both academic and private practices and understand pain physicians\' beliefs and sentiments regarding their subspecialty.
摘要：
背景：学术麻醉学中的性别偏见是众所周知的。妇女不仅是该领域的少数，而且在领导职位上的代表性不足。报告的这种代表性不足的原因包括职业晋升的障碍，缺乏指导，以及补偿的差异，在其他人中。介入性疼痛,麻醉学的竞争性程序亚专业，看到了这种差距的trick滴效应。根据ACGME的一份报告，该报告按女性受训人员的数量对医学亚专业进行了分类，从2008年至2016年，疼痛医学在所有学科中排名垫底。
目的：为了更好地了解女医生在疼痛医学领域的前景，我们进行了这项调查，以审查有关该主题的知识以及哪些问题仍未得到解答。
方法：本研究是对现有文献的回顾，旨在总结和描述女医生疼痛医学的前景。
方法：所有文献综述和手稿准备均在耶鲁大学医学院进行。
方法：我们使用PubMed进行了全面的搜索，Scopus,和Cochrane数据库的综合术语“性别差异，\“\”止痛药，“和”麻醉学，“将我们的搜索限制在2000年以后，以获取有关该主题的最新文献。我们最初的搜索检索到38篇文章。与此观点有关的所有相关文章都经过整理。下面讨论可用的文献。
结果：女性在介入疼痛中的代表性不足。女性疼痛医生的严峻匮乏不太可能很快改善，自从研究生医学教育疼痛奖学金项目认证委员会的数量持续增长以来，女学员仅占所有疼痛医学研究员的22-25%。此外,尽管有研究将学术医院中男性介入疼痛教师的人数与女性介入疼痛教师的人数进行了比较，显示这一比例从71.84-82％到18-28.52％不等，分别,没有研究真正探索私人执业女医生的前景。患者更喜欢与种族和种族相似的医生在一起，并且有更好的经验。事实上,对女性临床医生的偏好和缺乏与延迟寻求治疗和不良健康结局相关.性别差异造成的倦怠和减员的后果，尤其是在像止痛药这样的领域，不能低估。
结论：审查可能并不全面，相关研究可能未纳入。
结论：虽然学术界的性别差异在麻醉学和疼痛医学方面都有很好的记录，这种差距的原因还没有得到充分的探讨。此外，同样未知的是，选择疼痛医学作为亚专业的少数女医生是否倾向于学术或私人执业。为了解决现有的性别差异，有必要在学术和私人实践中探索介入性疼痛医学的景观，并了解疼痛医生对其亚专业的信念和情感。
目的：为了更好地了解女医生在疼痛医学领域的前景，我们进行了这项调查，以审查有关该主题的知识以及哪些问题仍未得到解答。
方法：本研究是对现有文献的回顾，旨在总结和描述女医生疼痛医学的前景。
方法：所有文献综述和手稿准备均在耶鲁大学医学院进行。
方法：我们使用PubMed进行了全面的搜索，Scopus,和Cochrane数据库的综合术语“性别差异，\“\”止痛药，“和”麻醉学，“将我们的搜索限制在2000年以后，以获取有关该主题的最新文献。我们最初的搜索检索到38篇文章。与此观点有关的所有相关文章都经过整理。下面讨论可用的文献。
结果：女性在介入疼痛中的代表性不足。女性疼痛医生的严峻匮乏不太可能很快改善，自从研究生医学教育疼痛奖学金项目认证委员会的数量持续增长以来，女学员仅占所有疼痛医学研究员的22-25%。此外,尽管有研究将学术医院中男性介入疼痛教师的人数与女性介入疼痛教师的人数进行了比较，显示这一比例从71.84-82％到18-28.52％不等，分别,没有研究真正探索私人执业女医生的前景。患者更喜欢与种族和种族相似的医生在一起，并且有更好的经验。事实上,对女性临床医生的偏好和缺乏与延迟寻求治疗和不良健康结局相关.性别差异造成的倦怠和减员的后果，尤其是在像止痛药这样的领域，不能低估。
结论：审查可能并不全面，相关研究可能未纳入。
结论：虽然学术界的性别差异在麻醉学和疼痛医学方面都有很好的记录，这种差距的原因还没有得到充分的探讨。此外，同样未知的是，选择疼痛医学作为亚专业的少数女医生是否倾向于学术或私人执业。为了解决现有的性别差异，有必要在学术和私人实践中探索介入性疼痛医学的景观，并了解疼痛医生对其亚专业的信念和情感。
