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Abstract：
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with high incidence, recurrence, and metastasis rates. The emergence of immunotherapy has improved the treatment of advanced HCC, but problems such as drug resistance and immune-related adverse events still exist in clinical practice. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC restricts the efficacy of immunotherapy and is essential for HCC progression and metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms behind immunosuppressive TME to develop and apply immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes the pathogenesis of HCC, the formation of the highly heterogeneous TME, and the mechanisms by which the immunosuppressive TME accelerates HCC progression and metastasis. We also review the status of HCC immunotherapy and further discuss the existing challenges and potential therapeutic strategies targeting immunosuppressive TME. We hope to inspire optimizing and innovating immunotherapeutic strategies by comprehensively understanding the structure and function of immunosuppressive TME in HCC.
摘要：
肝细胞癌(HCC)是一种发病率高、异质性高的恶性肿瘤。复发,和转移率。免疫疗法的出现改善了晚期肝癌的治疗，但临床上仍存在耐药和免疫相关不良事件等问题。HCC的免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境（TME）限制了免疫治疗的疗效，对HCC的进展和转移至关重要。因此,有必要阐明免疫抑制TME背后的机制以开发和应用免疫疗法.本文系统总结了肝癌的发病机制,高度异质的TME的形成，以及免疫抑制TME加速HCC进展和转移的机制。我们还回顾了HCC免疫治疗的现状，并进一步讨论了针对免疫抑制性TME的现有挑战和潜在治疗策略。我们希望通过全面了解肝癌免疫抑制TME的结构和功能，为优化和创新免疫治疗策略提供启发。
