PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Studies have found maternal smoking during pregnancy was linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk. It is unclear if maternal smoking cessation during pregnancy lowers ADHD and learning disability (LD) risk in offspring. This study aimed to explore the associations between maternal smoking cessation during pregnancy and ADHD and LD risk in offspring.
UNASSIGNED: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 (8,068 participants) were used. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between maternal smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy and ADHD and LD risk in offspring.
UNASSIGNED: Compared to non-smokers\' offspring, maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of ADHD (odds ratios [OR] = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-2.56) and LD (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.61-2.31) in offspring, even if mothers quit smoking later (ORADHD = 1.91, 95%CIADHD: 1.38-2.65, ORLD = 1.65, 95%CILD: 1.24-2.19). Further analysis of the timing of initiation of smoking cessation during pregnancy revealed that, compared to non-smokers\' offspring, maternal quitting smoking in the first trimester still posed an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.41-2.61) and LD (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.06-2.17) in offspring. Maternal quitting smoking in the second or third trimester also had a significantly increased risk of ADHD (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.26-3.61) and LD (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.16-2.87) in offspring. Furthermore, maternal smoking but never quitting during pregnancy had the highest risk of ADHD (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.69-2.79) and LD (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.70-2.58) in offspring. Interestingly, a trend toward a gradual increase in the risk-adjusted OR for ADHD and LD risk was observed among the three groups: maternal quitting smoking in the first trimester, maternal quitting smoking in the second or third trimester, and maternal smoking but never quitting.
UNASSIGNED: Maternal smoking cessation in the first trimester still poses an increased risk of ADHD and LD in offspring. Furthermore, it seems that the later the mothers quit smoking during pregnancy, the higher the risk of ADHD and LD in their offspring. Therefore, early intervention of maternal smoking in preconception and prenatal care is vital for offspring neurodevelopment.
UNASSIGNED: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 (8,068 participants) were used. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between maternal smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy and ADHD and LD risk in offspring.
UNASSIGNED: Compared to non-smokers\' offspring, maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of ADHD (odds ratios [OR] = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-2.56) and LD (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.61-2.31) in offspring, even if mothers quit smoking later (ORADHD = 1.91, 95%CIADHD: 1.38-2.65, ORLD = 1.65, 95%CILD: 1.24-2.19). Further analysis of the timing of initiation of smoking cessation during pregnancy revealed that, compared to non-smokers\' offspring, maternal quitting smoking in the first trimester still posed an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.41-2.61) and LD (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.06-2.17) in offspring. Maternal quitting smoking in the second or third trimester also had a significantly increased risk of ADHD (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.26-3.61) and LD (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.16-2.87) in offspring. Furthermore, maternal smoking but never quitting during pregnancy had the highest risk of ADHD (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.69-2.79) and LD (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.70-2.58) in offspring. Interestingly, a trend toward a gradual increase in the risk-adjusted OR for ADHD and LD risk was observed among the three groups: maternal quitting smoking in the first trimester, maternal quitting smoking in the second or third trimester, and maternal smoking but never quitting.
UNASSIGNED: Maternal smoking cessation in the first trimester still poses an increased risk of ADHD and LD in offspring. Furthermore, it seems that the later the mothers quit smoking during pregnancy, the higher the risk of ADHD and LD in their offspring. Therefore, early intervention of maternal smoking in preconception and prenatal care is vital for offspring neurodevelopment.
摘要：
■研究发现，孕妇在怀孕期间吸烟与注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）风险有关。目前尚不清楚孕妇在怀孕期间戒烟是否会降低后代的ADHD和学习障碍（LD）风险。本研究旨在探讨孕妇在怀孕期间戒烟与ADHD和后代LD风险之间的关系。
■使用了1999-2004年全国健康和营养检查调查（8068名参与者）的数据。采用Logistic回归分析母亲孕期吸烟、戒烟与子代ADHD及LD风险的关系。
■与非吸烟者的后代相比，母亲在怀孕期间吸烟会增加后代患ADHD的风险（比值比[OR]=2.07，95％置信区间[CI]：1.67-2.56）和LD（OR=1.93，95％CI：1.61-2.31），即使母亲以后戒烟（ORADHD=1.91，95CIADHD：1.38-2.65，ORLD=1.65，95CILD：1.24-2.19）。对怀孕期间开始戒烟时间的进一步分析表明，与不吸烟者的后代相比，孕妇在孕早期戒烟仍然会增加后代患ADHD的风险(OR=1.72,95%CI:1.41-2.61)和LD(OR=1.52,95%CI:1.06-2.17).母亲在孕中期或晚期戒烟也显著增加了后代患ADHD的风险(OR=2.13,95%CI:1.26-3.61)和LD(OR=1.82,95%CI:1.16-2.87)。此外，母亲吸烟但在怀孕期间从不戒烟的后代患ADHD(OR=2.17,95%CI:1.69-2.79)和LD(OR=2.10,95%CI:1.70-2.58)的风险最高.有趣的是,在三组中观察到ADHD和LD风险的风险调整OR逐渐增加的趋势：孕妇在妊娠早期戒烟，孕妇在妊娠中期或中期戒烟，母亲吸烟但从不戒烟。
母亲在孕早期戒烟仍然会增加后代患ADHD和LD的风险。此外，似乎母亲在怀孕期间戒烟越晚，后代患ADHD和LD的风险越高。因此,在孕前和产前护理中，母亲吸烟的早期干预对后代的神经发育至关重要。
■使用了1999-2004年全国健康和营养检查调查（8068名参与者）的数据。采用Logistic回归分析母亲孕期吸烟、戒烟与子代ADHD及LD风险的关系。
■与非吸烟者的后代相比，母亲在怀孕期间吸烟会增加后代患ADHD的风险（比值比[OR]=2.07，95％置信区间[CI]：1.67-2.56）和LD（OR=1.93，95％CI：1.61-2.31），即使母亲以后戒烟（ORADHD=1.91，95CIADHD：1.38-2.65，ORLD=1.65，95CILD：1.24-2.19）。对怀孕期间开始戒烟时间的进一步分析表明，与不吸烟者的后代相比，孕妇在孕早期戒烟仍然会增加后代患ADHD的风险(OR=1.72,95%CI:1.41-2.61)和LD(OR=1.52,95%CI:1.06-2.17).母亲在孕中期或晚期戒烟也显著增加了后代患ADHD的风险(OR=2.13,95%CI:1.26-3.61)和LD(OR=1.82,95%CI:1.16-2.87)。此外，母亲吸烟但在怀孕期间从不戒烟的后代患ADHD(OR=2.17,95%CI:1.69-2.79)和LD(OR=2.10,95%CI:1.70-2.58)的风险最高.有趣的是,在三组中观察到ADHD和LD风险的风险调整OR逐渐增加的趋势：孕妇在妊娠早期戒烟，孕妇在妊娠中期或中期戒烟，母亲吸烟但从不戒烟。
母亲在孕早期戒烟仍然会增加后代患ADHD和LD的风险。此外，似乎母亲在怀孕期间戒烟越晚，后代患ADHD和LD的风险越高。因此,在孕前和产前护理中，母亲吸烟的早期干预对后代的神经发育至关重要。
