Abstract：
Axon initial segment (AIS) is the most excitable subcellular domain of a neuron for action potential initiation. AISs of cortical projection neurons (PNs) receive GABAergic synaptic inputs primarily from chandelier cells (ChCs), which are believed to regulate action potential generation and modulate neuronal excitability. As individual ChCs often innervate hundreds of PNs, they may alter the activity of PN ensembles and even impact the entire neural network. During postnatal development or in response to changes in network activity, the AISs and axo-axonic synapses undergo dynamic structural and functional changes that underlie the wiring, refinement, and adaptation of cortical microcircuits. Here we briefly introduce the history of ChCs and review recent research advances employing modern genetic and molecular tools. Special attention will be attributed to the plasticity of the AIS and the ChC-PN connections, which play a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic network under both physiological and pathological conditions.
摘要：
轴突初始片段（AIS）是动作电位启动的神经元最容易兴奋的亚细胞域。皮质投射神经元（PNs）的AIS主要从枝形吊灯细胞（ChCs）接收GABA能突触输入，它们被认为调节动作电位的产生并调节神经元的兴奋性。由于单个ChC经常支配数百个PN，它们可能会改变PN集合的活动，甚至影响整个神经网络。在出生后发育过程中或响应网络活动的变化，AIS和轴突突触经历动态的结构和功能变化，精致,和皮质微电路的适应。在这里，我们简要介绍了ChCs的历史，并回顾了采用现代遗传和分子工具的最新研究进展。特别注意将归因于AIS和ChC-PN连接的可塑性，在生理和病理条件下对动态网络的塑造起着举足轻重的作用。
