Abstract：
Micro/nanomotors represent a promising class of drug delivery carriers capable of converting surrounding chemical or external energy into mechanical power, enabling autonomous movement. Their distinct autonomous propulsive force distinguishes them from other carriers, offering significant potential for enhancing drug penetration across cellular and tissue barriers. A comprehensive understanding of micro/nanomotor dynamics with various power sources is crucial to facilitate their transition from proof-of-concept to clinical application. In this review, micro/nanomotors are categorized into three classes based on their energy sources: endogenously stimulated, exogenously stimulated, and live cell-driven. The review summarizes the mechanisms governing micro/nanomotor movements under these energy sources and explores factors influencing autonomous motion. Furthermore, it discusses methods for controlling micro/nanomotor movement, encompassing aspects related to their structure, composition, and environmental factors. The remarkable propulsive force exhibited by micro/nanomotors makes them valuable for significant biomedical applications, including tumor therapy, bio-detection, bacterial infection therapy, inflammation therapy, gastrointestinal disease therapy, and environmental remediation. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and prospects for the application of micro/nanomotors. Overall, this review emphasizes the transformative potential of micro/nanomotors in overcoming biological barriers and enhancing therapeutic efficacy, highlighting their promising clinical applications across various biomedical fields.
摘要：
微/纳米马达代表一类有前途的药物递送载体，能够将周围的化学能或外部能转化为机械动力，实现自主运动。它们独特的自主推进力使它们区别于其他航母，为增强药物在细胞和组织屏障中的渗透提供了巨大的潜力。全面了解具有各种电源的微/纳米运动动力学对于促进其从概念验证到临床应用的过渡至关重要。在这次审查中,微型/纳米马达根据其能量来源分为三类：内源性刺激，外生刺激,活细胞驱动。该综述总结了在这些能源下控制微/纳米运动的机制，并探讨了影响自主运动的因素。此外，它讨论了控制微/纳米运动的方法，涵盖与它们的结构相关的方面，composition,和环境因素。微/纳米马达所表现出的显着推进力使它们对重要的生物医学应用有价值，包括肿瘤治疗,生物检测，细菌感染治疗,炎症治疗,胃肠疾病治疗,和环境修复。最后,该综述讨论了微/纳米马达应用的挑战和前景。总的来说,这篇综述强调了微/纳米马达在克服生物障碍和增强治疗功效方面的转化潜力，突出了它们在各个生物医学领域的有前途的临床应用。
