Abstract：
The endocrine system intricately regulates male sexual development and health which influences masculinization, sexual libido, muscle mass, bone density, and overall vitality. Disorders in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis can lead to hypogonadism, gynecomastia, sexual dysfunction, and infertility. Testosterone replacement therapy can be considered for symptomatic hypogonadism but poses risks for azoospermia and polycythemia, along with uncertain impact on cardiovascular disease. Gynecomastia results from a high estrogen-to-androgen ratio, mostly from either excess estrogen or decreased androgens. Sexual dysfunction is more commonly secondary to psychological or metabolic disorders; consider workups to rule out endocrine etiologies including hypogonadism if indicated.
摘要：
内分泌系统错综复杂地调节男性的性发育和健康，从而影响男性化，性欲,肌肉质量，骨密度,整体活力。下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的紊乱可导致性腺功能减退，男性乳房发育症,性功能障碍,和不孕症。睾酮替代疗法可考虑用于有症状的性腺功能减退症，但存在无精子症和红细胞增多症的风险。以及对心血管疾病的不确定影响。男性乳房发育是由高雌激素与雄激素比率引起的，主要来自过量的雌激素或减少的雄激素。性功能障碍更常继发于心理或代谢紊乱；考虑检查以排除内分泌病因，包括性腺机能减退。
