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Abstract：
Epidemiological studies are essential in medicine and public health as they help identify risk factors and causes of diseases. Additionally, they are key to planning, implementing, and evaluating health interventions aimed at preventing and controlling the spread of diseases. Among these studies, analytical observational studies, such as cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, are the most used. The validity of their results largely depends on the robustness of the design, execution, and statistical analysis. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the most common errors in the selection of methodological design and statistical tests in analytical observational studies and to provide recommendations to correct them. Methodology: A comprehensive review of the available literature on methodology in epidemiological observational studies was conducted, focusing on cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. Common errors in the selection of designs and statistical tests were identified and analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Errors in the selection of methodological design and statistical tests are common in epidemiological observational studies. Based on the identified errors, a series of recommendations is provided to improve the selection of methodological design and statistical tests, thereby increasing the reliability of the results in cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies.
摘要：
流行病学研究在医学和公共卫生中至关重要，因为它们有助于确定疾病的危险因素和原因。此外,它们是规划的关键，实施，并评估旨在预防和控制疾病传播的健康干预措施。在这些研究中,分析性观察研究，例如横截面，病例控制，和队列研究，是最常用的。其结果的有效性在很大程度上取决于设计的鲁棒性，执行，和统计分析。目的：本研究的目的是检查分析性观察研究中方法学设计和统计检验选择中最常见的错误，并提供纠正建议。方法：对流行病学观察研究中有关方法的现有文献进行了全面回顾，专注于横截面，病例控制，和队列研究。确定并分析了设计选择和统计测试中的常见错误。结果和结论：在流行病学观察研究中，方法设计和统计检验的选择错误很常见。根据识别出的错误，提供了一系列建议，以改善方法设计和统计测试的选择，从而增加结果在横截面的可靠性，病例控制，和队列研究。
