PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) is the most frequent histologic form of bladder cancer, constituting 90% of the cases. It is important to know the risk factors of UBC to avoid them and to decrease its recurrence after treatment. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the risk factors associated with UBC incidence.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search from 2012 to 2024 was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline with potential keywords such as \"bladder cancer\", \"urothelial bladder cancer\", \"incidence of urothelial bladder cancer worldwide\", \"mortality rate of bladder cancer\", \"incidence according to gender\", \"treatment for bladder cancer\", and \"risk factors of bladder cancer\". Smoking tobacco was comprehended to be the major risk factor for UBC. Smoke from tobacco products contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl, which are known to cause UBC. Smoking-related bladder cancer mortality ranks just second to smoking-related lung cancer mortality. For non-smokers, pollution became a major risk factor associated with UBC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are linked to many cancers, especially to UBC. Indoor and outdoor pollution generates VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and PAHs. Small-particle matter < 2.5 is linked to UBC and lung cancers. Drinking chlorinated water is linked to UBC. Also, swimming in chlorinated pools that produce trihalomethanes increases the risk of many cancers, and especially of bladder cancer. Occupational exposure to carcinogens, specifically aromatic amines, is a significant UBC risk factor. It has been estimated that approximately 20% of all UBCs may be linked to this type of exposure, primarily in industrial settings that treat dye, paint, petroleum chemicals, and metal. The other risk factors included genetics, diet, and medical conditions. Alcohol, consumption of processed meat and whole milk, and higher intakes of selenium and vitamins A and E also contribute to the development of UBC. Further, chemotherapeutic agents, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and radiation therapy are positively associated with UBC.
CONCLUSIONS: The significance of the initial prevention of UBC must be emphasized, and especially programs for quitting cigarettes should be encouraged and supported. However, smoking is not the only risk factor for UBC. For non-smokers, other risk factors should be investigated. Air and water pollution are linked to UBC. Indoor and outdoor pollution should be more controlled. Patients and people should be informed of the risk of drinking chlorinated water and swimming in chlorinated pools.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search from 2012 to 2024 was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline with potential keywords such as \"bladder cancer\", \"urothelial bladder cancer\", \"incidence of urothelial bladder cancer worldwide\", \"mortality rate of bladder cancer\", \"incidence according to gender\", \"treatment for bladder cancer\", and \"risk factors of bladder cancer\". Smoking tobacco was comprehended to be the major risk factor for UBC. Smoke from tobacco products contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl, which are known to cause UBC. Smoking-related bladder cancer mortality ranks just second to smoking-related lung cancer mortality. For non-smokers, pollution became a major risk factor associated with UBC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are linked to many cancers, especially to UBC. Indoor and outdoor pollution generates VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and PAHs. Small-particle matter < 2.5 is linked to UBC and lung cancers. Drinking chlorinated water is linked to UBC. Also, swimming in chlorinated pools that produce trihalomethanes increases the risk of many cancers, and especially of bladder cancer. Occupational exposure to carcinogens, specifically aromatic amines, is a significant UBC risk factor. It has been estimated that approximately 20% of all UBCs may be linked to this type of exposure, primarily in industrial settings that treat dye, paint, petroleum chemicals, and metal. The other risk factors included genetics, diet, and medical conditions. Alcohol, consumption of processed meat and whole milk, and higher intakes of selenium and vitamins A and E also contribute to the development of UBC. Further, chemotherapeutic agents, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and radiation therapy are positively associated with UBC.
CONCLUSIONS: The significance of the initial prevention of UBC must be emphasized, and especially programs for quitting cigarettes should be encouraged and supported. However, smoking is not the only risk factor for UBC. For non-smokers, other risk factors should be investigated. Air and water pollution are linked to UBC. Indoor and outdoor pollution should be more controlled. Patients and people should be informed of the risk of drinking chlorinated water and swimming in chlorinated pools.
摘要：
背景：膀胱上皮癌（UBC）是膀胱癌最常见的组织学形式，占90%的病例。了解UBC的危险因素，以避免它们并减少其治疗后的复发。这篇综述的目的是提供与UBC发病率相关的危险因素的概述。
方法：2012年至2024年在PubMed等数据库中进行了全面的文献检索，谷歌学者，和Medline的潜在关键词，如“膀胱癌”，“尿路上皮膀胱癌”，“全球尿路上皮膀胱癌的发病率”，“膀胱癌死亡率”，“按性别分列的发病率”，“膀胱癌的治疗”，和“膀胱癌的危险因素”。吸烟被认为是UBC的主要危险因素。烟草制品产生的烟雾含有多环芳烃（PAHs）和芳香胺，如4-氨基联苯，已知会导致UBC。吸烟相关的膀胱癌死亡率仅次于吸烟相关的肺癌死亡率。对于非吸烟者来说，污染成为与UBC相关的主要风险因素。多环芳烃（PAHs）与许多癌症有关，尤其是UBC。室内和室外污染会产生VOC（挥发性有机化合物）和PAHs。<2.5的小颗粒物质与UBC和肺癌有关。饮用氯化水与UBC有关。此外，在产生三卤甲烷的氯化池中游泳会增加许多癌症的风险，尤其是膀胱癌。职业性接触致癌物,特别是芳香胺，是一个重要的UBC风险因素。据估计，大约20%的UBC可能与这种类型的暴露有关。主要在处理染料的工业环境中，油漆,石油化学品,和金属。其他风险因素包括遗传学，饮食，和医疗条件。酒精,食用加工肉类和全脂牛奶，硒和维生素A和E的较高摄入量也有助于UBC的发展。Further,化疗剂，口服降糖药，和放射治疗与UBC呈正相关。
结论：必须强调UBC初步预防的重要性，尤其是戒烟计划应该得到鼓励和支持。然而,吸烟不是UBC的唯一危险因素。对于非吸烟者来说，应调查其他风险因素。空气和水污染与UBC有关。室内和室外的污染应该得到更多的控制。应告知患者和人们饮用氯化水和在氯化池游泳的风险。
方法：2012年至2024年在PubMed等数据库中进行了全面的文献检索，谷歌学者，和Medline的潜在关键词，如“膀胱癌”，“尿路上皮膀胱癌”，“全球尿路上皮膀胱癌的发病率”，“膀胱癌死亡率”，“按性别分列的发病率”，“膀胱癌的治疗”，和“膀胱癌的危险因素”。吸烟被认为是UBC的主要危险因素。烟草制品产生的烟雾含有多环芳烃（PAHs）和芳香胺，如4-氨基联苯，已知会导致UBC。吸烟相关的膀胱癌死亡率仅次于吸烟相关的肺癌死亡率。对于非吸烟者来说，污染成为与UBC相关的主要风险因素。多环芳烃（PAHs）与许多癌症有关，尤其是UBC。室内和室外污染会产生VOC（挥发性有机化合物）和PAHs。<2.5的小颗粒物质与UBC和肺癌有关。饮用氯化水与UBC有关。此外，在产生三卤甲烷的氯化池中游泳会增加许多癌症的风险，尤其是膀胱癌。职业性接触致癌物,特别是芳香胺，是一个重要的UBC风险因素。据估计，大约20%的UBC可能与这种类型的暴露有关。主要在处理染料的工业环境中，油漆,石油化学品,和金属。其他风险因素包括遗传学，饮食，和医疗条件。酒精,食用加工肉类和全脂牛奶，硒和维生素A和E的较高摄入量也有助于UBC的发展。Further,化疗剂，口服降糖药，和放射治疗与UBC呈正相关。
结论：必须强调UBC初步预防的重要性，尤其是戒烟计划应该得到鼓励和支持。然而,吸烟不是UBC的唯一危险因素。对于非吸烟者来说，应调查其他风险因素。空气和水污染与UBC有关。室内和室外的污染应该得到更多的控制。应告知患者和人们饮用氯化水和在氯化池游泳的风险。
